1. Irony

2. The concept of irony is broad. The concept of irony is broad. Three kinds of irony Three kinds of irony Verbal: words Verbal: words Situational: overall narrative flow Situational: overall narrative flow Analysis

3. Dramatic: forms on dissonance between the perspectives of readers and characters Dramatic: forms on dissonance between the perspectives of readers and characters Analysis

4. Irony The use of language to convey meaning other than what is stated or a contradiction in what is expected to happen and what actually happens

5. Verbal Irony Irony occurring when a speaker’s meaning differs from what he or she expresses in words

6. Sarcasm A type of irony that takes the form of mock praise

7. Scriptural Application Verses that combat the inappropriate use of sarcasm, a type of verbal irony that is often used in selfish ways: James 1:26 James 1:26

8. James 1:26 If anyone among you[a] thinks he is religious, and does not bridle his tongue but deceives his own heart, this one’s religion is useless.

9. Ephesians 4:29, 32 Let no corrupt word proceed out of your mouth, but what is good for necessary edification, that it may impart grace to the hearers. And be kind to one another, tenderhearted, forgiving one another, even as God in Christ forgave you.

10. 1 Thessalonians 5:11 Therefore comfort each other and edify one another, just as you also are doing.

11. Scriptural Application Believers are to build other believers up, not tear them down verbally. Believers are to build other believers up, not tear them down verbally. Sarcasm can be very hurtful. Sarcasm can be very hurtful.

12. Scriptural Application Have you ever known of a case when verbal irony was misused (either by you or by another)? Have you ever known of a case when verbal irony was misused (either by you or by another)?

13. Structural Irony Sustained verbal irony that generates two layers of meaning, one literal and one implied, throughout the entire work

14. Situational Irony A type of irony in which a story’s events violate normal expectations

15. Dramatic Irony A type of irony in which the reader is aware of a plot development of which the characters of the story are unaware

16. Irony can be used for a great variety of purposes. Irony can be used for a great variety of purposes. It can affect the atmosphere, setting, characters, plot, tone, and theme of a work. It can affect the atmosphere, setting, characters, plot, tone, and theme of a work. Analysis

17. Simple sarcastic comments/mild situational ironies vs. structural irony (a technique which pervades an entire work) Analysis