1. Republic to Empire: 50 BC to AD 50 Roman Core (CAAH) IV. The Julio-Claudians: Accessions, the Senate, Dynasty and Empire simon.day@wadh.ox.ac.uk

2. Tacitus, Annals. 1.3: As a buttress for his domination, Augustus promoted Claudius Marcellus, his sister’s son and just a juvenile, by means of a pontificate and curule aedileship, and M. Agrippa, ignoble in status but good at soldiering and his partner in victory, by means of twin consulships, and subsequently after Marcellus’ decease took him as son-in-law. Tiberius Nero and Claudius Drusus his stepsons, he embraced with the name of “commander”, even though his own house was still then intact: for he had brought Agrippa’s progeny, Gaius and Lucius, into the family of the Caesars and, though the praetexta of boyhood was not yet put aside; despite a display of reluctance he had a burning desire that they be called Princeps of Youth and marked out as consuls. But, when Agrippa had departed from life, both L. Caesar, while traveling to the Spanish armies, and Gaius, while retiring from Armenia and weakened by a wound, were carried off by fatefully early deaths or by the guile of their stepmother Livia; and, with Drusus’ life extinguished previously, Nero [i.e. Tiberius] alone of the stepsons was left...

3. Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, 15.7.3: Greetings my dear Gaius, my favourite little donkey. By heaven, I always miss you when you’re away from me! But I need to see my Gaius all the more on days like today. Wherever you are I trust you’re in good spirits and well enough to celebrate my 64th birthday [September 2 AD]. As you can see, I’ve climbed above the 63rd year on the ladder of life, the critical point for all old men. And I pray to the gods that you and I may pass this time remaining in good health with the state flourishing, while you exercise your virtue and succeed to my position (statio mea). Res Gestae, 14: My sons, whom fortune snatched away from me when young men, Gaius and Lucius Caesars… Suetonius, Tib. 23: Then Augustus’ will was brought in, and he [Tiberius] had it read by a freedman [at the Senate meeting after Augustus’ death]…The will began like this: “Since bitter fortune has stolen from me my sons, Gaius and Lucius, let Tiberius be heir to two-thirds of my estate.

4. The Succession to Augustus (Tac. Ann. 1.3) Germanicus Drusus

5. RIC I, 221, AD 14 Obv. CAESAR AUGUSTUS DIVI F ( ILIUS ) PATER PATRIAE ; laureate head of Augustus Rev. TI ( BERIUS ) CAESAR AUG ( USTI ) F ( ILIUS ) TR ( IBUNICIA ) POT ( ESTAS ) XV ; Tiberius standing in triumphal quadriga, holding wreath in right hand and eagle-topped sceptre in right hand

6. 10km = Amiternum Map source: Pelagios (http://pelagios-project.blogspot.co.uk/)

7. SeptemberAugust dies tristissi(mus) = The most sad day [19 August, on which Augustus departed from life] e(o) d(ie) Divo Augusto honores caelestes a senatu decreti = On this day [17 September], heavenly honours were decreed to the God Augustus by the Senate Inscribed calendar (the Fasti Amiternini) from Amiternum (S. Vittorno, Central Italy), 1 st century AD (= CIL I 2 p.244) OctoberNovember Divo Iulio ad forum = [the Temple] for Divus Iulius [was dedicated 18 August] near the Forum

8. AD 13: Tiberius powers made equal to Augustus’ and tribunician power renewed for a further ten years 19 August, AD 14: Augustus died at the age of 75 (see e.g. Fasti Amiternini) Early September (c. 3 rd /4 th ?), AD 14: Meeting of the Senate – Tiberius writes that only honours for Augustus to be discussed (Tacitus, Ann. 1.7.3) 17 th September, AD 14: Second meeting of Senate: Augustus deified (by senatorial decree) and consecrated as Divus Augustus (see Fasti Amiternini); the debate turns to Tiberius’ position… Tacitus, Annals, 1.11: As for his [Augustus’] burial, once it had been completed according to custom, a temple and heavenly rituals were decreed [17 September, as shown by Fasti Amiternini]. Prayers were then then redirected toward Tiberius; and for his part began to talk variously about the magnitude of command and his own limitations… *See further Tacitus, Ann. 1.1-15.

9. Velleius, 2.124.2: There was, however, in one respect what might be called a struggle in the state, as, namely, the senate and the Roman people wrestled with Caesar to induce him to succeed to the position of his father (ut stationi paternae succederet), while he on his side strove for permission to play the part of a citizen on a parity with the rest rather than that of an emperor over all. At last he was prevailed upon rather by reason than by the honour, since he saw that whatever he did not undertake to protect was likely to perish. He is the only man to whose lot it has fallen to refuse the principate for a longer time, almost, than others had fought to secure it. Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, 15.7.3: Greetings my dear Gaius, my favourite little donkey…I pray to the gods that you and I may pass this time remaining in good health with the state flourishing, while you exercise your virtue and succeed to my position (statio mea). See Levick, B.M. (1999). Tiberius the Politician 2, London, esp. p.75-81

10. Senatus Consultum de Cn. Pisone Patre (SCPP), Baetica, S. Spain SCPP, ll. 123-136: …since it is the view of the senate that Ti. Caesar Aug. our Princeps has surpassed all parties in his devotion to duty…it makes a strong plea and request that he devote all the care that he previously divided between his two sons to the one whom he still has, and the Senate hopes that the immortal gods will devote all the more care to the one who remains [Drusus], the more they realize that all hope for the position which his father holds (omnem spem...paternae pro r(e) p(ublica) stationis) to the benefit of the state rests for the future on one person alone…

11. The Senate during the reign of Tiberius (AD 14-37) Maiestas (treason) trials permanent court (quaestio) existed, but most important cases (i.e. involving elites) took place in the Senate trials highly politicized & harsh penalties (inc. death) possible Gaius temporarily stopped maiestas trials in 37 (Dio, 59.4.3) Cicero, Fam. 3.11.2 (M. Cicero to Appius Pulcher, June 50 BC): But as a matter of fact maiestas (although Sulla never meant it to be so, lest the public denunciation of any man should be allowed to pass unpunished) is an ambiguous term... Senatorial dignitas Aug. raised census qualification to 1 million sesterces (Dio, 54.17.3) Aug. made sure that the first row of seats in theatre were reserved for senators (Suet. Aug. 44. Cf. Tac. Ann. 3.31 on handout) Inscribed senatorial decree found at Larinum (19 AD), ll.4-6: “Whereas M. Silanus and L. Norbanus Balbus the consuls declared that in accordance with the commission given them they had drawn up a memorandum on matters appertaining...to those who, contrary to the dignity (dignitas) of the order to which they belonged, were appearing on stage or at games..., as forbidden by the senatorial decrees that had been passed on the subject in previous years, employing fraudulent evasion to the detriment of the majesty (maiestas) of the Senate...” See Levick, B. (1983). “The Senatus Consultum from Larinum”, JRS, 73, 97-115

12. Senatorial decree concerning Cnaeus Piso (the father), fragments discovered late 1980s (and new fragments discovered subsequently, e.g. from Spain and Geneva in Germania Superior) (senatus consultum de Cn. Pisone Patre) See: Griffin in JRS 1997 and the articles in AJPh 1999 Compare: Tac. Ann. 2.69-82, 3.7-19 SCPP, ll.159-163: That likewise the senate commends the loyalty of those soldiers whose hearts were tempted || in vain by the criminal activity of Cn. Piso Senior and hopes that all who were soldiers in the service of our Princeps will continue to manifest the same loyalty and devotion to the Imperial House, since they know that the safety of our empire depends on that of the House.

13. Senatus Consultum de Cn. Pisone Patre (SCPP), Baetica, S. Spain SCPP, ll. 165-174: And in order that the course of the proceedings as a whole may be more easily transmitted to the memory of future generations and that they may know what the senate’s judgment was concerning the exceptional restraint of Germ(anicus) Caesa(r) and the crimes of Cn. Piso Senior, the senate has decided that the speech which our Princeps delivered and also these decrees of the senate, inscribed on bronze, should be set up in whatever place seems best to Tiberius Caes(ar) Aug., || and that likewise this decree of the senate, inscribed on bronze, should be set up in the most frequented city of each province and that in the most frequented place in that city, and that likewise this decree of the senate should be set up in the winter quarters of each legion where the standards are kept.

14. SCPP, ll. 123-136: …since it is the view of the senate that Ti. Caesar Aug. our Princeps has surpassed all parties in his devotion to duty…it makes a strong plea and request that he devote all the care that he previously divided between his two sons to the one whom he still has, and the Senate hopes that the immortal gods will devote all the more care to the one who remains [Drusus], the more they realize that all hope for the position which his father holds (omnem spem...paternae pro r(e) p(ublica) stationis) to the benefit of the state rests for the future on one person alone; …likewise the senate offers abundant praise of the restraint of Iulia Aug. and Drusus Caesar who, in imitation of the justice of our Princeps, as this House recognises, equalled their devotion to the memory of Germanicus || with their fairness in reserving their own judgement until the case of Cn. Piso Senior was tried… Cf. Tacitus, Ann. 3.16 for the contemporary rumour that Tiberius was in some way involved in Germanicus’ death!

15. Tabula Hebana (Heba, Etruria), discovered 1947 Lex Valeria Aurelia (see Sherk, TDGR, 6, no.36B) E.g. ll.4-5: And (it pleases the senate) that the Salii [ancient priests of Mars] shall place in their hymns the name of Germanicus Caesar to || honour his memory, which honour was also granted to Gaius and Lucius Caesar, brothers of Tiberius Caesar Augustus

16. Tabula Siarensis (S. Spain), discovered 1982 Frag. I See M. Crawford, Roman Statutes, nos. 37-38 or Sherk, TDGR, 6, no. 36A and compare Tac. Ann. 2.73, 2.82-3, 3.1-6 E.g. frag. II, ll. 19-20: And (it has pleased the senate) that the Salii [shall place] in their hymns [the name of Germanicus Caesar to honour] | his memory, [which honor was also granted to Gaius and Lucius Caesar, brothers of Tiberius || Caesar Augu[stus]

17. New(ish) fragment of honours for Germanicus, found on a bronze tabula in storage in the Museo Archeologico Nazionale dell’Umbria in Perugia, Italy c. early 2010 Partially overlaps with Tabula Siarensis (from Spain), allowing some new readings (and 9 more lines of the relatio – motion brought to the Senate)

18. The Senate during the reign of Tiberius (AD 14-37) Senatorial dignitas Court judging members of the elite (senators and equites) permanent treason court (quaestio de maiestate) still existed, but most important cases took place in the Senate under Tiberius Honouring the Princeps and imperial household Served as a buttress of the regime, esp. during periods of crisis Elections Augustus claimed restoration of free elections in 28 BC (Dio, 53.21.6) Tib. transferred elections from the assemblies (comitiae) to the Senate (Tac., Ann. 1.15), although Gaius temporarily restored popular elections (Dio, 59.20.4-5). Comitia centuriata still met on the Campus Martius, but only to confirm the Senate’s choice of consuls and praetors (see Tabula Hebana) However, both Aug. and Tib. could influence selection of magistrates (e.g. ILS 944 and Vell. Pat. 2.124.4) The Emperor (princeps et senatus et iudex?) Tiberius was a senator and the Senate’s association with the Princeps and imperial household enhanced their prestige. However, could Tiberius separate his role as a senator and as princeps?

19. The Mausoleum of Augustus (Campus Martius), completed 28 BC Dynastic burial place: Marcellus (23 BC); Agrippa (12 BC); Octavia (11/10 BC); Drusus the Elder (9 BC); Lucius (AD 2); Gaius (AD 4); Augustus (AD 14); Germanicus (AD 19); Drusus the Younger (AD 23); Livia/Julia Augusta (AD 29); and Tiberius (AD 37)

20. +Domitius Ahenobarbus TiberiusDrusus +Antonia minor GermanicusClaudiusDrusus Ti. Gemellus + Agrippina (elder) DrususNeroGaius Agrippina Britannicus +Livilla +(1)Messalina Livia + Vipsania (2) Iulia + Agrippa Augustus Antony+Octavia Nero ? ? ?

21. RIC 32 (BMC, 33), AD 37-38 Obv. C CAESAR AUG ( USTUS ) GERMANICUS PON ( TIFEX ) M ( AXIMUS ) TR ( IBUNICIA ) POT ( ESTAS ); Rev. ADLOCVT ( IO ) / COH ( ORTIS ); Gaius in toga, on tribunal with curule chair addressing 5 praetorians, 4 standards in background Sestertius

22. Acta Fratrum Arvalium, March 18, AD 38 A.d. xv K. Apriles [Tau]rus Statilius Corvinus promagister collegii fratrum Arvaliu[m nomine], quod hoc die C. Caesar Augustus Germanicus a senatu impera[tor appellatus est in] Capitolio Iovi Iunoni Minervae hostias maiores III inmol[avit ante templum] [no]vom divo Augusto unam… On 18 March, Taurus Stlatilius Corvinus, vice-president, [on behalf] of the college of Arval Brothers sacrificed on the Capitol three adult animals to Jupiter, Juno and Minerva, and, [in front of the] new temple, because on this day Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus [was named] imperator by the senate... (trans. Cooley, Lactor 19, A38f). Cf. Suetonius, Gaius, 14.1

23. To Gaius Ummidius Durmius Quadratus, legate of Gaius Caesar Germanicus Imperator, with pro-praetorian power. Oath of the Aritiensians: It is in accordance with my inner conviction that I will be an enemy to those who I come to learn are enemies to Gaius Caesar Germanicus, and if danger to him or to his welfare is brought or will be brought be anyone, with armed might and war or extermination on land and sea I will never cease to pursue him until he pays the penalty to (Gaius Caesar). Neither myself nor my children will I consider dearer than his welfare, and those who will have hostile intentions toward him will be considered hostile toward me; if knowingly I swear or will swear falsely, then may Jupiter Best and Greatest and the deified Augustus and all the other immortal gods deprive me and my children of our motherland, our safety, and all our fortunes. Sworn on the fifth day before the Ides… ILS 190 = Sherk, TDGR, 6, no. 41

24. +Domitius Ahenobarbus TiberiusDrusus +Antonia minor GermanicusClaudiusDrusus Ti. Gemellus + Agrippina (elder) DrususNeroGaius Agrippina Britannicus +Livilla +(1)Messalina Livia + Vipsania (2) Iulia + Agrippa Augustus Antony+Octavia Nero Gaius

25. RIC 15 (Gaius), AD 37-41 Obv. C CAESAR AUG ( USTUS ) GERM ( ANICUS ) P ( ONTIFEX ) M ( AXIMUS ) TR ( IBUNICIA ) POT ( ESTAS ); laureate head of Gaius Rev. DIVUS AUG ( USTUS ) PATER PATRIAE ; Radiate head of Augustus

26. RIC I, 221, AD 14 Obv. CAESAR AUGUSTUS DIVI F ( ILIUS ) PATER PATRIAE ; laureate head of Augustus Rev. TI ( BERIUS ) CAESAR AUG ( USTI ) F ( ILIUS ) TR ( IBUNICIA ) POT ( ESTAS ) XV ; Tiberius standing in triumphal quadriga, holding wreath in right hand and an eagle-topped sceptre in right hand

27. Lex de imperio Vespasiani (c. early AD 70) e.g. ll.16-23 (clause VI): …and that whatever he decides will be in accordance with the advantage of the res publica and with the majesty of things divine, | human, public, and private, | he shall have the right and the power so to act and do, just as (such right and power) were possessed by the deified Augustus || and Tiberius Iulius Caesar Augustus and Tiberius Claudius Caesar | Augsutus Germanicus… (Sherk, TDGR 6, no. 82; see also Brunt, P.A. (1977), JRS, 67, P.95- 116)

28. +Domitius Ahenobarbus TiberiusDrusus +Antonia minor GermanicusClaudiusDrusus Ti. Gemellus + Agrippina (elder) DrususNeroGaius Agrippina Britannicus +Livilla +(1)Messalina Livia + Vipsania (2) Iulia + Agrippa Augustus Antony+Octavia Nero Gaius Claudius

29. Accession of Claudius Assassination of Gaius 22 or 24 January 41 *See esp. Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 19.1-273 (see the new edition by Wiseman, T.P. (2013). The Death of Caligula, Liverpool, Liverpool University Press, esp. s.v. “19.1”) Cf. Suetonius, Claud. 10.4: …since the senators were quarrelling tediously and at loggerheads with one another and as a consequence moving too slowly to accomplish their goals, and since the large numbers of urban cohorts surrounding them were by now demanding a single ruler and calling for Claudius by name, he permitted the assembly of armed praetorians to swear their allegiance to him, and he promised each of them 15,000 sesterces. He was the first of the Caesars to cement the military’s loyalty with the payment of money. (And cf. Dio, 60.1-2)

30. Aureus, RIC 7 (Claudius), AD 41/42 Obv. TI ( BERIUS ) CLAUD ( IUS ) CAESAR AUG ( USTUS ) P ( ONTIFEX ) M ( AXIMUS ) TR ( IBUNICIA ) P ( OTESTAS ); laureate head of Claudius Rev. IMPER RECEPT ; wall enclosing Praetorian Camp, in which a figure stands with standards and legend “Imperator received” (or similar)

31. Aureus, RIC 25 (Claudius), c. 44/45 AD Obv. TI ( BERIUS ) CLAUD ( IUS ) CAESAR AUG ( USTUS ) P ( ONTIFEX ) M ( AXIMUS ) TR ( IBUNICIA ) P ( OTESTAS ) IIII Rev. IMPER ( ATORE ) RECEPT ( O ); wall enclosing Praetorian Camp, in which a figure stands with standards and legend “Imperator received”

32. Josephus, AJ. 16.4.2: But Claudius discoursed with the army which was there gathered together, who took oaths that they would persist in their fidelity to him; upon which he gave the guards every man five thousand drachmae a-piece, and a proportionable quantity to their captains, and promised to give the same to the rest of the armies wheresoever they were.

33. ILS 2701 (Colonia Iulia Augusta Taurinorum, i.e. Turin, set up c. AD 64): (Dedicated) to Gaius Gavius, son of Lucius, | (of the tribe) Stellatina, Silvanus, | primipilaris of the Eighth Legion Augusta, | tribune of the Second Cohort of Viliges, || tribune of the Thirteenth Urban Cohort, | tribune of the Twelfth Praetorian Cohort, | decorated by the deified Claudius | in the Britannic War | with Collars (torques), Armbands (armillae), Discs (phalerae), || (and) a Golden Wreath (corona aurea), | patron of our colony, | by decree of the decuriones [senators of the colony]. cf. Sherk, TDGE, 6, no. 49B, C, D, E, F and G

34. A proud centurion (first century AD): CIL XIII 5206: C(aius) Allius C(ai) f(ilius) | Pom(ptina tribu) Oriens | domo Dert(ona) l (centurio) leg(ionis) XIII Gem(inae) = C(aius) Allius Oriens, son of C(aius), (of the tribe) Pomptina, from Dertona, a centurion of the Legio XIII Gem(ina), (is buried here) 3 golden crowns (coronae aureae) 2 collars (torques) 2 armbands (armillae) 9 Discs (phalerae) (Buried in Vindonissa, Switzerland)

35. Josephus, BJ. 7.1-20: …He [Titus] thanked them [his army] for their unfailing loyalty to him, and praised their obedience throughout the war [besieging Jerusalem in 70 AD]...It had been a magnificent feat to bring to an end a war that had raged so long [with destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD]: they could not have wished for anything better when they embarked on it. But it was a much more splendid and brilliant achievement to have elected and sent home as rulers [i.e. Vespasian] and governors of the Roman Empire men whom all were delighted and welcome, and whose decisions they loyally obeyed, full of gratitude to those who had chosen them... Accordingly he at once ordered officers detailed for the task to read out the name of every man who in the course of the war had performed any outstanding exploit. Calling them by name he praised them as they came forward, as delighted as a man could be over his own exploits. He put golden crowns on their heads, gave them gold torques, miniature gold spears and standards made of silver, and promoted every man to higher rank.

36. Tacitus, Hist. 1.4: Welcome as the death of Nero [in 68 AD] had been in the first burst of joy, yet it had not only roused various emotions in Rome, among the Senators, the people, or the soldiery of the capital, it had also excited all the legions and their generals; for now had been divulged that secret of the empire, that emperors could be made elsewhere than at Rome. For the principle of rewards coming from the emperor and the importance of this see further: e.g. Tacitus, Ann. 1.52: News of all this [the defeat of the mutiny on the Rhine in AD 14] affected Tiberius with delight and concern: he rejoiced at the suppression of the mutiny, but, because Germanicus [his adopted son] had won the soldiers’ goodwill by lavishing money and speeding their discharge, and also owing to his warlike glory, he was tense. Cf. Tacitus, Ann. 15.12.3 (on handout)

37. Suetonius, Claud. 3.2-4.1-2: Finally to make it clearer what opinions, favourable and otherwise, his great uncle Augustus had of him, I have appended extracts from his own letters: “I have talked with Tiberius, my dear Livia, as you requested, with regard to what is to be done with your grandson Tiberius [i.e. Claudius] at the games of Mars. Now we are both agreed that we must decide once for all what plan we are to adopt in his case. For if he be sound and so to say complete, what reason have we for doubting that he ought to be advanced through the same grades and steps through which his brother has been advanced? But if we realize that he is wanting and defective in soundness of body and mind, we must not furnish the means of ridiculing both him and us to a public which is wont to scoff at and deride such things.” Suetonius, Claud. 7.1: It was only under his nephew Gaius, who in the early part of his reign tried to gain popularity by every device, that he at last began his official career, holding the consulship as his colleague for two months…

38. RIC 72, c. AD 41 Obv. NERO CLAUVIVS DRVSVS GERMANICVS IMP ( ERATOR ); laureate head of Drusus Rev. DE GERMANIS ; triumphal arch (concerning Germany) surmounted by a statue of a horseman riding left, holding spear, between two trophies Cf. Suetonius, Claud. 1.3: The senate, in addition to many other honours, voted him [Drusus the Elder, in 9 BC], a marble arch adorned with trophies on the Appian Way, and the surname Germanicus for himself and his descendants.

39. TiberiusDrusus +Antonia minor GermanicusClaudiusDrusus Ti. Gemellus + Agrippina (elder) DrususNeroGaius Agrippina Britannicus +Livilla +(1)Messalina Livia + Vipsania (2) Iulia + Agrippa Augustus Antony+Octavia Gaius Claudius Suetonius, Claud. 11.2: Then turning to the duties of family loyalty, he adopted as his most sacred and frequent oath "By Augustus." He had divine honours voted his grandmother Livia and a chariot drawn by elephants in the procession at the Circus, like that of Augustus; also public offerings to the shades of his parents and in addition annual games in the Circus on his father's birthday and for his mother a carriage to bear her image through the Circus and the surname of Augusta, which she had declined during her lifetime. In memory of his brother, whom he took every opportunity of honouring, he brought out a Greek comedy in the contest at Naples and awarded it the crown in accordance with the decision of the judges…

40. See Kuttner, A.L. (1995). Dynasty and Empire in the Age of Augustus. The Case of the Boscoreale Cups, Oxford Boscoreale Cup 2 (0.10m height; from Boscoreale, Campania): Tiberius triumphing (from Germany) in Rome

41. Aureus, Italy, 29-27 BC (RIC 268) Rev. head of Octavian Obv. IMP ( ERATOR ) CAESAR ; victory standing on a globe Boscoreale Cup 1: Augustus on curule chair (i.e. magisterial chair) and Venus putting a victory figure on the globe, which is held by Augustus.

42. Dio, 60.23.1-2: Portions of Britain, then, were captured at this time in the manner described. Later, when Gaius Crispus and Titus Statilius were consuls (the former for the second time), Claudius came to Rome after an absence of six months, of which he had spent only sixteen days in Britain, and celebrated his triumph. In this he followed precedent, even ascending the steps of the Capitol on his knees, with his sons-in ‑ law supporting him on either side. For the senatorial honours see Dio, 60.22 (on handout)

43. Claudius’ British arch (51-52 AD): To Tiberius Clau[dius Cai]sar Augu[stus Germani]cus, [son of Drusus], pontifex maximus, in his 11 th year of tribunician power, consul five times, hailed victorious commander [22? Times, censor, father] of the fatherland: the senate and people of Rome (set this up) because he received the submission of eleven kings of the Britons, [conquered without] any loss and because he was the first to bring barbarian tribes [beyond Ocean] into the dominion [of the Roman people] (ILS 216; Smallwood, GCN 43)

44. RIC 72, c. AD 41 Obv. NERO CLAUVIVS DRVSVS GERMANICVS IMP ( ERATOR ); laureate head of Drusus Rev. DE GERMANIS ; triumphal arch (concerning Germany) surmounted by a statue of a horseman riding left, holding spear, between two trophies

45. RIC 34, c. AD 46/7 Obv. TI ( BERIUS ) CLAUD ( IUS ) CAESAR AUG ( USTUS ) P ( ONTIFEX ) M ( AXIMUS ) TR ( IBUNICIA ) P ( OTESTAS ) VI IMP ( ERATOR ) XI ; laureate head of Claudius Rev. DE BRITANN ( IS ); triumphal arch surmounted by a statue of a horseman riding left, holding spear, between two trophies

46. Relief from the Sebasteion at Aphrodisas, depicting Claudius about to kill a female personification of “Britannia” Inscription: Tiberius Claudius Caesar | Britannia (IAph2007 41 for Greek) See further Smith, R.R.R. (1987). “The Imperial Reliefs from the Sebasteion of Aphrodisias”, JRS, 77, 88-138

47. Claudius (nude) in a god-like pose with mantle billowing behind him, Sebasteion at Aphrodisas Claudius is being given an oar (on the right) and cornucopia (on left), symbolising his power over land and sea.

48. Papyrus preserving letter from Claudius to the athletes, 46 AD: Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augsutus Germanicus Sarmaticus, pontifex maximus, in his 6 th year of tribunician power, designated consul for the 4 th time, hailed victorious commander 12 times, father of the fatherland, greets the association of touring athletes. I received with pleasure the gold crown which you sent me on account of the victory over the Britons, as a perpetual symbol of your loyalty to me. The delegates were Tiberius Claudius Hermas; Tiberius Claudius Cyrus; Dio, son of Mykkalos, from Antioch. (trans. trans. Cooley, Lactor 19, N21) Cf. Res Gestae 21.3: In my fifth consulship I remitted 35,000 lb. of aurum coronarium contributed by the municipia and colonies of Italy to my triumphs, and later, whenever I was acclaimed imperator, I refused the aurum coronarium which the municipia and colonies continued to vote with the same good will as before.

49. Letter of Claudius about Dionysiac performers, Miletus, AD 48/49 (Sherk, 6, no.54): [Ti]berius Claudius Caesar Augusuts Germ[ani|c]us, holding the tribunician power for the eighth time (AD 48-49), consul for the [fourth time,] | imperator for the fifteenth time, father of his country, censor, | to the Dionysiac sacred victors and per||formers, greetings. The fact that you made mention of the things which I gr|anted to you, when I confirmed the rights given to you by the Au|gusti before me and by the senate, |I approve and will try to increase them, since you are so pi|ously disposed toward my hou||se. This was brought to me by Marcus Vale|rius Iunianus, member of my household, a man whom I also pr|aised as one so disposed toward you. | [Farewell (?) ]