1. Ch. 9 Sec. 2 The Rise of Cities

2. Population »Between 1800 and 1900 the population of Europe more than doubled »Advances in medicine »Germ theory - certain germs might cause specific diseases »Louis Pasteur - showed the link between germs and disease »Robert Koch - identified the cause of tuberculosis, and deadly lung disease »Florence Nightingale raised standards of care and cleanliness »Joseph Lister - discovered that antiseptics prevent disease

3. More Health »As people understood what causes disease, they practiced better hygiene »Disease decreased and fewer people died

4. Change in the City »Urban renewal »Largest project took place in Paris in the 1850s »Old crowded cities were replaced with wide avenues and grand public buildings »Paved streets make cities more livable »Electric lights increased safety »Huge new sewage systems make cities healthier »Implementation of city planning, work towards cleaner water

5. Still harsh conditions for the poor »Slums »Whole families lived in a single room »But: »Millions of people still moved to the cities »Work, education, and entertainment »Still protesting: »Long hours, and unsafe conditions for low wages »Mutual-aid societies to help sick or injured workers »Organized unions

6. Reforms »Develop through political pressure: »Unions »Working class voters »Governments passed laws that improve working conditions