1. PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS & SIGNS DR GIAN LIPPI CONSULTANT PSYCHIATRIST UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA & WESKOPPIES HOSPITAL FORENSIC UNIT

2. BEHAVIOURAL SYMPTOMS CONTENTS - THOUGHT FORM DISORDER WITH ITS DIFFERENT TYPES ABNORMALITIES OF SPEECH MOOD & AFFECT ANXIETY & RELATED SYMPTOMS PSYCHOSIS, & DISORDERED THOUGHT & PERCEPTION - DISORDERED THOUGHT CONTENT, INCLUDING DELUSIONS - PERCEPTUAL ABNORMALITIES, INCLUDING HALLUCINATIONS

3. MOTOR BEHAVIOUR, CONATION, PSYCHOMOTOR ACTIVITY BEHAVIOURAL SYMPTOMS - MOTOR BEHAVIOUR / ACTIVITY EXPRESSING A PERSON’S IMPULSES, DRIVES, WISHES, CATATONIA NEGATIVISM INSTINCTS, CRAVINGS & MOTIVATIONS - DECREASED (PSYCHOMOTOR RETARDATION) STEREOTYPED BEHAVIOUR - INCREASED (PSYCHOMOTOR AGITATION) - CATATONIC RIGIDITY - CATATONIC POSTURING - WAXY FLEXIBILITY (CATALEPSY) - CATATONIC STUPOR - AKINESIA - CATATONIC EXCITEMENT - MOTIVELESS RESISTANCE AGAINST INSTRUCTION, QUESTIONING OR TO BE MOVED - REPETITIVE FIXED PATTERN OF MOTOR BEHAVIOUR MANNERISMS & TICS - INGRAINED, HABITUAL, UNCONSCIOUS MOVEMENTS - UNCONSCIOUS, SPASMODIC MOTOR MOVEMENTS

4. ECHOPRAXIA BEHAVIOURAL SYMPTOMS - PATHOLOGICAL IMITATION OF ANOTHER PERSON’S MOVEMENT - MUSCLE INCOORDINATION ATAXIA TREMOR CHOREA DYSKINESIA - INVOLUNTARY, RAPID, RHYTHMICAL, ALTERNATING MOVEMENT - INVOLUNTARY, RAPID, RANDOM, JERKY, PURPOSELESS MOVEMENT - DIFFICULTY PERFORMING VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS DYSTONIA - SUSTAINED CONTRACTIONS OF OPPOSING MUSCLE GROUPS OF THE TRUNK OR LIMBS AKATHISIA - SUBJECTIVE FEELING OF INNER RESTLESSNESS & MUSCLE TENSION SECONDARY TO ANTIPSYCHOTIC MEDICATION, PRESENTING WITH PACING & OTHER SIGNS OF PSYCHOMOTOR AGITATION

5. LOGORRHOEA SPEECH - INCREASE IN QUANTITY OF SPEECH - ADEQUATE AMOUNT OF SPEECH, BUT LACKS INFORMATION DUE TO VAGUENESS - RAPID SPEECH OF INCREASED QUANTITY THAT IS DIFFICULT TO INTERRUPT - SPEECH ONLY IN RESPONSE TO QUESTIONS - LOSS OF NORMAL MELODY / PROSODY / RHYTHM OF SPEECH POVERTY OF SPEECH - FREQUENT REPITITION / PROLONGATION OF A SOUND / SYLLABLE LEADING TO IMPAIRED SPEECH FLUENCY - PROBLEMS WITH ARTICULATION (PRONOUNCIATION, NOT LANGUAGE) PRESSURE OF SPEECH NONSPONTANEOUS SPEECH - DECREASE IN QUANTITY OF SPEECH POVERTY OF SPEECH CONTENT DYSPROSODY STUTTERING DYSARTHRIA APHASIA - DIFFICULTIES WITH LANGUAGE OUTPUT (LANGUAGE, NOT PRONOUNCIATION)

6. MOOD IS A PERVASIVE AND SUSTAINED EMOTION SUBJECTIVELY EXPERIENCED MOOD & AFFECT - DYSPHORIC / MELANCHOLIC (UNPLEASANT LOW MOOD) - EUTHYMIC MOOD (NORMAL RANGE OF MOOD) - ECSTATIC / ELEVATED / EUPHORIC / ELATED (ABNORMALLY INCREASED / “HIGH” MOOD STATE) - DEPRESSED (PSYCHOPATHOLOGICALLY SAD / DYSPHORIC / MELANCHOLIC MOOD STATE) AFFECT IS THE OBJECTIVELY OBSERVED EXPRESSION OF EMOTION - MANIA (MOOD CHARACTERIZED BY ELATION, HYPERACTIVITY, HYPERSEXUALITY, AS WELL AS PRESSURED SPEECH & THOUGHT) - IRRITABLE (EASILY ANGERED) - LABILE (OSCILLATIONS BETWEEN DEPRESSION & ELATION) - ALEXITHYMIC (INABILITY TO BE AWARE OF / DESCRIBE ONE’S OWN EMOTIONS) - ANHEDONIC (LOSS OF INTEREST IN ALL PLEASURABLE ACTIVITIES) - RESTRICTED (SEVERE REDUCTION OBSERVABLE EXPRESSION OF EMOTION) - BLUNTED (EVEN GREATER REDUCTION IN OBSERVABLE EXPRESSION OF EMOTION) - FLAT (ABSENCE / NEAR ABSENCE OF OBSERVABLE EXPRESSION OF EMOTION) - APPROPRIATE (OBSERVABLE EXPRESSION OF EMOTION IS IN HARMONY WITH THE MOOD DESCRIBED) - INAPPROPRIATE (OBSERVABLE EXPRESSION OF EMOTION ISN’T IN HARMONY WITH THE MOOD DESCRIBED)

7. ANXIETY ANXIETY & RELATED SYMPTOMS - ANXIETY CAUSED BY A REAL / REALISTIC DANGER - PATHOLOGICAL PERSISTENCE OF AN IRRESISTABLE THOUGHT OR FEELING THAT CAN’T BE ELIMINATED FROM CONSCIOUSNESS BY LOGICAL EFFORT (ASSOCIATED WITH ANXIETY) - PATHOLOGICAL NEED TO ACT ON AN IMPULSE / OBSESSION THAT, IF RESISTED, PRODUCES ANXIETY PHOBIA - PERSISTENT, IRRATIONAL, EXAGGERATED, PATHOLOGICAL DREAD OF A SPECIFIC STIMULUS / SITUATION - ACUTE, EPISODIC, INTENSE ATTACK OF ANXIETY WITH AUTONOMIC SYMPTOMS ASSOCIATED WITH OVERWHELMING FEELINGS OF DREAD PANIC ATTACK FEAR OBSESSION COMPULSION - FEELING OF APPREHENSION CAUSED BY ANTICIPATION OF DANGER

8. PSYCHOSIS IS THE INABILITY TO DISTINGUISH REALITY FROM FANTACY PSYCHOSIS - DELUSIONS 3 GROUPS OF PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS DISORDERED PERCEPTION DISORDERED THOUGHT FORM (HOW WE THINK) DISORDERED THOUGHT CONTENT (WHAT WE THINK OF) - HALLUCINATIONS - ILLUSIONS - MANEFESTS AS DISORGANIZED SPEECH

9. NORMAL THOUGHT FORM THOUGHT FORM DISORDER

10. CIRCUMSTANTIALITY THOUGHT FORM DISORDER

11. TANGENTIALITY THOUGHT FORM DISORDER

12. DERAILMENT THOUGHT FORM DISORDER

13. LOOSENING OF ASSOCIATIONS THOUGHT FORM DISORDER

14. INAPPROPRIATE / IRRELEVANT ANSWER THOUGHT FORM DISORDER

15. THOUGHT BLOCKING THOUGHT FORM DISORDER

16. FLIGHT OF IDEAS THOUGHT FORM DISORDER

17. OVERINCLUSIVENESS THOUGHT FORM DISORDER - SPEECH CONTAINING UNNECESSARILY EXCESSIVE DETAIL PERSEVERATION - PERSISTING RESPONSE TO A PREVIOUS STIMULUS, EVEN FOLLOWING A NEW STIMULUS - MEANINGLESS REPITITION OF SPECIFIC WORDS OR PHRASES - INCOHERENT MIXTURE OF WORDS / PHRASES - MADE UP WORDS THAT DON’T FORM PART OF ANY LANGUAGE VERBIGERATION - PATHOLOGICAL REPEATING OF WORDS / PHRASES OF ONE PERSON BY WORD SALAD NEOLOGISMS ECHOLALIA ANOTHER

18. - FIXED FALSE BELIEFS, BASED ON INCORRECT INFERENCES ABOUT EXTERNAL REALITY, DELUSIONS - BELIEF OF BEING HARRASSED, CHEATED OR PERSECUTED DIFFERENT TYPES DELUSION OF PERSECUTION DELUSION OF GRANDEUR - BELIEF OF EXAGERRATED IMPORTANCE, POWER OR IDENTITY DELUSION OF REFERENCE - BELIEF OF BEHAVIOUR OF OTHERS REFERS TO HIMSELF / HERSELF DELUSION OF POVERTY - BELIEF OF BEING BEREFT OF ALL MATERIAL POSSESSIONS NIHILISTIC DELUSION - BELIEF THAT ONE’S SELF, OTHERS OR THE WORLD IS NONEXISTENT OR IS COMING TO AN END & THAT CANNOT BE CORRECTED BY REASONING DELUSION SOMATIC DELUSION - BELIEF SURROUNDING A PART OF THE BODY DELUSION OF CONTROL - BELIEF OF ONE’S WILL, THOUGHTS OR FEELINGS ARE BEING CONTROLLED BY EXTERNAL FORCES BIZARRE DELUSION - ABSURD, TOTALLY IMPLAUSABLE, STRANGE BELIEF

19. HALLUCINATION PERCEPTUAL DISTURBANCES TYPES CATAGORIZED ACCORDING TO SENSES INVOLVED: OTHER HALLUCINATIONS: - CENESTHETIC HALLUCINATION (PERCEPTION OF SENSATION IN AN ORGAN - AUDITORY HALLUCINATION (PERCEPTION OF SOUND, USUALLY VOICES) - FALSE SENSORY PERCEPTION NOT ASSOCIATED WITH REAL EXTERNAL STIMULI - VISUAL HALLUCINATION (PERCEPTION OF SEEING IMAGES) - OLFACTORY HALLUCINATION (PERCEPTION OF SMELL) - GUSTATORY HALLUCINATION (PERCEPTION OF TASTE) - TACTILE HALLUCINATION (PERCEPTION OF TOUCH) UNABLE TO EXPERIENCE SENSATION) - HYPNAGOGIC HALLUCINATION (NONPATHOLOGICAL PERCEPTION OCCURRING WHILE FALLING ASLEEP) - HYPNOPOMPIC HALLUCINATION (NONPATHOLOGICAL PERCEPTION OCCURRING WHILE AWAKENING FROM SLEEP) ILLUSION - MISPERCEPTION / MISINTERPRETATION OF REAL EXTERNAL SENSORY STIMULI

20. THE END