1. To start with today, let’s just recap your knowledge of depression. To know the clinical characteristics of Phobia and Schizophrenia To consider causes and explanations of Phobia True or False? 1.Depression is a form of psychosis 2.Men are more likely to suffer from depression than women 3.The individual must fulfil at least 5 of the clinical criteria to be diagnosed 4. You need to experience symptoms for at least a week before diagnosis 5. Anhedonia is a symptom of depression 6. Anger is a symptom of depression 7. There is one type of depression

2. To start with today, let’s just recap your knowledge of depression. To know the clinical characteristics of Phobia and Schizophrenia To consider causes and explanations of Phobia True or False? 1.Depression is a form of psychosis FALSE 2.Men are more likely to suffer from depression than women FALSE 3.The individual must fulfil at least 5 of the clinical criteria to be diagnosed TRUE 4. You need to experience symptoms for at least a week before diagnosis FALSE (2 weeks) 5. Anhedonia is a symptom of depression TRUE (lack of pleasure) 6. Anger is a symptom of depression FALSE (not in terms of diagnostic criteria, irritability is though) 7. There is one type of depression FALSE (unipolar, bipolar, SAD)

3. » SCHIZOPHRENIA

4. Positive symptomsNegative symptoms Hallucinations Unreal perceptions of the environment: Auditory Visual Olfactory Tactile Affective Flattening Reduction in range and intensity of emotional expression: Facial expression Voice tone Eye contact Body language Experiences of control Believe an alien force has invaded their mind and/or body. Alogia Poverty of speech Lessened fluency and productivity Delusions Beliefs that seem real to the person with schizophrenia, when in fact, they are not real. Avolition Less goal-directed behaviour; e.g. sitting in the house for hours on end not doing anything. Disordered thinking Feeling that thoughts have been inserted or withdrawn from the mind. Loosely associated speech (‘word salad’) is associated with thought disorder

5. » Characteristic symptoms: Two or more of the following, each present for much of the time during a one-month period. ˃ Delusions ˃ Hallucinations ˃ Disorganized speech ˃ Grossly disorganized behavior (e.g. dressing inappropriately, crying frequently) or catatonic behavior ˃ Negative symptoms: Blunted affect (lack or decline in emotional response), alogia (lack or decline in speech), or avolition (lack or decline in motivation) If delusions are bizarre or hallucination is a voice with running commentary this is sufficient. » Social or occupational dysfunction » Significant duration: Continuous signs of the disturbance persist for at least six months.).

6. » Phobia » Most of us will have something that we are, at least, very fearful of » This does not necessarily mean we have a phobia, but some of us might » What are yours biggest fears and what does this mean for you emotionally and physically? » What do you think causes phobias? » Write this down! To know the clinical characteristics of Phobia and Schizophrenia To consider causes and explanations of Phobia

7. A.DURATION OF AT LEAST 6 MONTHS B.MARKED OR PERSISTENT FEAR WHICH IS EXTREME OR IRRATIONAL - CUED BY THE PRESENCE OR ANTICIPATION OF A SPECIFIC OBJECT OR SITUATION. C.INDIVIDUAL RECOGNISES THAT THE FEAR IS EXTREME OR IRRATIONAL D.EXPOSURE TO PHOBIC STIMULUS PROVOKES AN IMMEDIATE ANXIETY RESPONSE OR PANIC ATTACK E.PHOBIC SITUATION AVOIDED OR ENDURED WITH INTENSE ANXIETY OR DISTRESS F.SYMPTOMS OBSTRUCT SIGNIFICANTLY NORMAL FUNCTIONING OR THERE IS MARKED DISTRESS ABOUT THE PHOBIA Could phobias ever be useful?

8. » Homework: » Research/revise the behaviourist approach » This should include: » Classical conditioning e.g. Pavlov’s dogs » Operant conditioning e.g. Skinner » You should prepare a short presentation (1-2 minutes) which includes info and examples

9. » Plenary: Complete the sorting task without looking at your notes » Extension: Start thinking about explanations for phobias.

10. Group AGroup B 8 (A) Describe the characteristics of one anxiety disorder. (10) June 2013 Describe the characteristics of a psychotic disorder. (10) Jan 2010 Homework Aim to complete this homework without using your notes. Due next lesson so: 13C due Friday

11. » Homework » Using your booklet but ALSO the internet and/or text books » Research and summarise (APRCE) the following study: - Ohman et al (1975)