1. Framing a Question How Framing Changes the Meaning of a Construct

2. 1.) Very Unlikely 2.) Unlikely 3.) Neither likely nor unlikely 4.) Likely 5.) Very Likely Likert Scale

3. Abstract Motivated to study the different outcomes to a construct when the framing was manipulated. Approached different communication classes and administered surveys (65 total); then analyzed the data garnered from these surveys. Results showed that although some questions had significance, overall the framing of the question had less impact than hypothesized. Believe that there would be a stronger significance had we administered the surveys to non- communication classes, chosen a different sampling method and asked different questions.

4. Introduction For our research project, we chose to study the implications that arise when the framing of a construct is manipulated in order to garner a specific response, and how those responses may or may not change when the question is worded less vaguely. Example: 300 healthy women were injected with live cancer cells at the Sloan- Kettering Institute after being told that it was just a vaccination. (1963)

5. Literature Review Background information on framing Brief Description of Main Literature Examples Hypotheses

6. Gregory Bateson - 1972 “…as a class or set of messages or meaningful actions that include some information and exclude other information” (Chesebro, Martin 161).

7. Literature - James Druckman "The Implications of Framing Effects for Citizen Competence” Cites a Kahneman and Tversky experiment: 1. If Program A is adopted, 200 people will be saved. 2. If Program B is adopted, there is a 1/3 probability that 600 people will be saved, and a 2/3 probability that no people will be saved. = Equivalency Framing Same constructs, positive and negative connotations

8. Literature - Martin Chesebro, Matthew Martin “Message Framing in the Classroom: The Relationship Between Message Frames and Student Perceptions of Instructor Power.” High Choice: Less motivation Low Choice: Anger, Coercive, Legitimate, Reward Measure: attendance, behavior cooperation, anger, perceptions of power

9. Literature - Thomas Cooper “‘Does it Suck?’ or ‘Is it for the Birds?’ Native Speaker Judgment of Slang Expressions” 20 Slang Terms: Brainstormed, Dictionary Terms Acceptability of the Terms "I'm stressed" = most acceptable "She's stacked" = least acceptable, 33% slang

10. Hypotheses H1: Students will respond differently to vaguely worded questions as opposed to fully detailed questions regarding the same idea. H2: The structure of the question directly correlates to the students answers.

11. Research Methods Gave our survey to Communication classes Surveyed 65 students Used Likert Scale to measure results Surveyed students on their first responses to questions

12. Results Used a Paired Sample T-Test. Why? Paired Sample T-Test (1 test, Q1-Q10) VS Independent T-Test (2 tests, Q1-Q5 & Q6- Q10)

13. Results Pair 2) Q2: Would you cheat on a test? Q9: Would you use the internet to look up an answer for a closed-book, closed- notes online test? M=.667 Stand Dev=1.426 C=.350 P<.001

14. Results Pair 5) Q5: Do you believe in treating others fairly? Q10: Do you think people should have mercy on other's actions in certain situations? M=.968 Stand Dev=1.121 C=.286P<.001

15. Discussion (Review) What method we used, and the reasoning behind it. How this helped reach our final results. What our final results were, o Plausible Hypothesis How we would have modified our research o Would use Systematic Sampling instead of Convenience Sampling. o Included larger variety of majors.

16. Works Cited (References) 1. Chesebro, Martin L., and Matthew M. Martin. "Message Framing in the Classroom: The Relationship Between Message Frames and Student Perceptions of Instructor Power." Communication Research Reports27.2 (2010): 159-70. Print. 2. Druckman. "The Implications of Framing Effects for Citizen Competence." Political Behavior 23.3 (2001): 225-56. Print. 3. Kahneman, Daniel, and Amos Tversky. "Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk." Econometrica 2nd ser. 47 (1979): 263-92. Print.

17. Works Cited (References) 4. König, Thomas. "Frame Analysis: Theoretical Preliminaries." Introduction into Frame Analyses. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2012.. 5. Thomas C. Cooper. "Does it Suck?" or "Is it for the Birds?" Native Speaker Judgment of Slang Expressions." American Speech 76.1 (2001): 62- 78. Project MUSE. Web. 30 Nov. 2012..

18. Created by: Samantha Drees Natalie Fisher Kelcie Hamilton Kelsie Sorenson Jordyn Wilkens