1. Starter: With the person next to you I want you to discuss: 1.What counts as History? 2.Why is History important/why do we study it? WHAT IS HISTORY?

2.  What we should know by the end of this Unit 1)What political factors, people, events, and geographical realities led to the creation and growth of Canada 2)How was Canada in 1867 different from Canada today in terms of political, social, and other issues? UNIT 1 - CONFEDERATION

3. BRITISH NORTH AMERICA 1800’S

4. CANADA 2015

5.  What do these words mean? Brainstorm with the person next to you.  Looking back at these two maps, what is the same? What has changed? Why would these things be important to know when studying Canadian History?  Why did some of the colonies of Canada, despite their vast distance and differences, come together to create the beginnings of Canada as we know it. CONTINUITY AND CHANGE

6. SIZE

7. LANGUAGE

8. LANDSCAPE

9.  On page 20 you will find a reading about why a colony such as PEI viewed itself as vastly different from the rest of Canada  Read through page 20 and answer the following questions 1)What made the farmers in PEI different from those in the rest of Canada? 2)How did the farmers in PEI feel about paying rent to people across the ocean? 3)Why would this idea of absentee landlords create an issue for PEI joining confederation? CLOSER LOOK

10.  If we are all so different, what makes us Canadian?  How do we define ourselves?  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= yi1yhp-_x7A https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= yi1yhp-_x7A SO WHAT UNITES US?

11.  Choose one of the questions you brainstormed in class and answer it in paragraph format. HOMEWORK

12. Who were the first people to emigrate to Canada? Starter: Create a mind map that outlines reasons why people might have moved here. THE PEOPLE OF BNA

13.  No idea how many were living here pre settlement  First nations often lived on the fringe of BNA settlements  For years they supplied furs to the traders of the Hudson’s Bay Company  Many helped fight against the Americans in the war of 1812  By the late 1800’s the contributions of the First Nations to Canada’s development were largely forgotten, they were steadily pushed into more remote areas and were continually put through worse ordeals. FIRST NATIONS

14.  Throughout the mid 1800’s a series of gold rushes occurred  These attracted numerous individuals, usually young men.  A gold rush could, and did, completely transform some areas  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= 57zvk-YlWOw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= 57zvk-YlWOw GOLD MINERS

15.  Go to Wikispace to view images  Choose one image from each group of Gold Rush sources and make notes comparing them:  what has changed?  What has stayed the same?  Why might these things have happened? GOLD RUSH SOURCES

16.  During the 1830’s and 40’s, a number of factors drove people to leave their home countries and emigrate to what is now Canada.  Look back at the mind map you created earlier, why would all of these people maybe move at once?  What it basically came down to was survival. Canada offered opportunities to many British subjects who were suffering as a result of the potato famine.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RRhjqqe750A GREAT MIGRATION

17.  Slavery had been illegal in BNA since 1833, meaning that it was a haven for those running from it in the United States  The “Underground Railroad” was a network of people who helped bring escaped slaves up from the United States and into British North America.  This does not mean that escaped slaves were welcomed with open arms, in fact they still often faced large amounts of discrimination. UNDERGROUND RAILROAD

18.  Read through the “every day life” section, then, imagining you are one of those people, write a diary entry examining what it was like to be them and what their first experience of Canada was like.  If you need some help getting started, ask me! – Due Friday TASK: DIARY

19. Starter: Write down the definitions for the words Political and Economic Why might these factors be important when creating a country? POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DIFFERENCE IN PRE-CONFEDERATION CANADA

20.  Most governments in BNA were run the same: The Crown (British Empire) would appoint a governor from among its own nobility who would control the colony with the help of wealthy land owners.  Upper and Lower Canada had their own Executive and Legislative assemblies, but these were largely ineffectual GOVERNMENT IN THE COLONIES OF BNA

21. SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT

22.  While government systems ran similarly, each colony had a very distinct and different economy  Canada East – Very industrialized, especially Montreal, created finished goods  Canada West – Also industrialized but later, created textiles (cloth)  The Maritimes – Mainly farming and fishing  The West – Fur Trade, Trapping, and logging. Why would so many different industries make a country like Canada difficult to run? ECONOMIES IN BNA

23. TASK Read pages 17-19, 21, 23,24, 26, 27 For each colony (Canada East, Canada West, The Maritimes, The West) complete the chart below to the best of your ability

24.  Trade (economy)  Transportation/politics  Defense REASONS TO JOIN: THE BIG THREE

25.  The British had followed a system of Colonial Preference – gave BNA its fundamental purpose – the export of raw material  In 1846 external trade began to die down – the repeal of the Corn Laws and the development of Free Trade into the 50’s were major factors  why do you think combining the colonies would solve this? TRADE WITH GREAT BRITAIN

26.  Trade with the US had grown after 1854 due to the Reciprocity treaty, which reduced tariffs on the trade of natural goods between BNA and the US  United States backed out of the Reciprocity treaty in 1865– Meaning the US would no longer trade extensively with BNA due to high taxes on goods  BNA had difficulty trading its raw materials, which was the foundation of all BNA colonies TRADE WITH THE USA

27.  Pre-confederation, the colonies were separated by vast areas of land, the only method of transportation were the various lakes, canals, etc.  Nothing connected the colonies, making extensive trade between them difficult, if not impossible  Completing an inter-colonial railway was impossible without an extensive loan from British banks, who needed to be assured the money would be paid back.  Uniting the colonies helped give this assurance TRANSPORTATION

28.  Act of Union – 1840  Came about as a result of the rebellions of the two colonies in 1837  Abolished the separate governments of Upper and Lower Canada  Created the Province of Canada  Was thought this would help Anglicize Upper Canada, this failed due to political reasons  Politics of the two Canada’s became combined, often resulted in a political deadlock  By expanding the province of Canada, it was hoped that this deadlock would end POLITICS

29. PROVINCE OF CANADA GOVERNMENT

30.  Withdrawal of British Forces for Crimean War  The Fenian Brotherhood - Irish brotherhood fighting the crown to gain independence for Ireland  Manifest Destiny – The belief that the united states should and would inevitably take over all of North America DEFENSE

31.  Write a paragraph explaining which of the big three (Transportation (politics), Defense, or Trade), was the most significant factor in the uniting of the colonies.  Be sure to justify your answer and explain in detail with reasoning. PARAGRAPH

32. Starter: Review: What was the flaw in uniting Canada East and Canada West? Hint: Think politics POLITICAL PARTIES IN CANADA – THE DEADLOCK

33. ColonyPopulation 1851Population 1861seats Canada East (Quebec) 890 2611 111 56665 Canada West952 0041 396 09165 POPULATION ISSUES What is the issue? Representation by population

34. George Brown John A Macdonald George-Etienne Cartier THE POLITICIANS

35.  Owner of The Globe newspaper  Entered politics in 1851, he was a representative for the Toronto Area  Very well known for his passionate speeches and strong demands for representation by population GEORGE BROWN (LIBERALS)

36.  Lawyer from Montreal, entered politics in 1848  Was strongly against representation by population. Why do you think this was?  He was a bitter political enemy of George Brown GEORGE ÉTIENNE CARTIER (BLEUS)

37.  A lawyer from Kingston, entered politics in 1844  Was the one who realized that Cartier didn't’t exactly hate representation by population, but just wanted to protect French Canada  Macdonald was the one who was able to break the deadlock, he came up with a way to both protect French culture (pleasing Cartier) and give representation by population (pleasing Brown)  These three together were the ones who brought about confederation  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBGNEJpznNE&list=PL184 8FF9428CA9A4A&index=4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBGNEJpznNE&list=PL184 8FF9428CA9A4A&index=4 JOHN A. MACDONALD (CONSERVATIVES)

38.  Answer questions on WIKI, you can find the answers based on your notes, your textbook, or on the internet  Your answers must be in full sentences/paragraphs  We will go through some of them afterwards WEBQUEST

39.  The Big Three reasons for uniting  Fenian Brotherhood  Manifest Destiny  Corn Laws  Reciprocity Treaty WORDS AND IDEAS TO KNOW FOR QUIZ

40. CONFEDERATION What is it?

41. THE ROAD TO CONFEDERATION THE GREAT COALITION  In 1864 three influential leaders – George Brown (English reformer), John A. Macdonald (English conservative) and George- Etienne Cartier (French conservative) formed a coalition  Their goal was to unite all of the British North American colonies

42.  Meanwhile, the Maritime colonies (NB, PEI, NS) were talking about forming a union separate from Canada. They decided to meet in Charlottetown to discuss it. THE ROAD TO CONFEDERATION MARITIME UNION AND THE CHARLOTTETOWN CONFERENCE

43.  The leaders of the Great Coalition heard about this, and they came to Charlottetown to try to convince the Maritimes to join them. This was the Charlottetown Conference.  Thus, Charlottetown is considered to be the birthplace of Confederation. THE ROAD TO CONFEDERATION MARITIME UNION AND THE CHARLOTTETOWN CONFERENCE

44.  At the Charlottetown Conference, the leaders agreed to meet again a month later in Quebec to negotiate the details (called the Quebec Resolutions) of union THE ROAD TO CONFEDERATION MARITIME UNION AND THE CHARLOTTETOWN CONFERENCE

45. 2/4/10 QUEBEC CONFERENCE – OCTOBER 1864 Delegates from the Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and PEI Major conflict: people who wanted a central government (like John A MacDonald who thought that with more powers, more conflict would ensue as seen in the American Civil War) Others wanted individual provincial rights (representatives from Canada East (now Quebec) and the Maritimes) for fear that they would lose their cultural identity They eventually decided to divide the powers between federal and provincial governments What are some current federal and provincial powers?

46. An offered structure was written in the form of the 72 Resolutions Afterwards, the delegates returned to their provinces to submit the plan to their colonial legislatures In Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, Joseph Howe and A.J. Smith (respectively) led the opposition to Confederation but both provinces did end up joining Only PEI rejected the resolutions 72 RESOLUTIONS

47. Delegates at Quebec Conference – October 1864

48. THE ROAD TO CONFEDERATION OPPOSITION TO CONFEDERATION  At first, the leaders of the Atlantic colonies found little support for Confederation.  In Nova Scotia, Premier Charles Tupper was pro-Confederation, while a man named Joseph Howe led a campaign against Confederation. In the end, Nova Scotia joined without seeking public approval.

49. 2/4/10 72 Resolutions Each colony would become a province of Canada (Canada West was renamed Ontario; Canada East, Quebec) A strong central government (as apposed to multiple governments which could lead to civil war) As a country it would be easier to defend themselves from attack Ontario, Quebec and the Maritimes were to have 24 members each in the new Senate – Upper House The elected House of Commons/Lower House was to have Representation by Population The new federal government would control the debts of the colonies A new economic market with no tariffs was created Expanding of railroads to better commerce Newfoundland and PEI took themselves out of the talks as they were too isolated and they saw no need for rail roads

50. 2/4/10 London Conference 1866 Final conference that led to Canadian Confederation Representatives from the four BNA colonies (Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) met to make final arrangements Resulted in the official name (Dominion of Canada) and the capital in Ottawa New provinces were to get more money from the new federal government Division of Powers (defining the powers of federal and provincial government) were settled (sections 91 and 92 in the British North America Act)

51. British North America Act passed in the British Parliament on March 29, 1867 Canada official declared a country on July 1, 1867 Dominion Status - limited independence Result: Constitutional Monarchy, Responsible Government, Two Founding Nations A Federal System: Central Government with Provincial Governments LONDON CONFERENCE PART 2

52.  From 1866 to 1867, the leaders from Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick met with Britain to go over the details of the Quebec Resolutions THE ROAD TO CONFEDERATION THE DOMINION OF CANADA

53.  In March 1867, the British North America (BNA) Act was passed into law, and on July 1, 1867, the Dominion of Canada officially came to be.

54.  1 July 1867Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick  15 July 1870Manitoba, Northwest Territories  20 July 1871British Columbia  1 July 1873Prince Edward Island  13 June 1898Yukon Territory  1 Sept 1905Saskatchewan, Alberta  31 March 1949Newfoundland and Labrador  1 April 1999Nunavut Territory THE ROAD TO CONFEDERATION PROVINCES AND TERRITORIES IN ORDER OF ENTERING CONFEDERATION

55.  On the wiki you will find a reading that goes through the three major conferences that made up confederation  Read the article, and answer the questions in full sentences  You do not need to do the parts listed under “investigation” at the bottom TASK: COMPREHENSION ACTIVITY

56. You and a partner (or on your own) will create a powerpoint and present on one of the following topics from this unit. -George Brown -George Etiene Cartier -Fenian Raids -Underground Railroad -Gold Rush -The Charlottetown Conference -The Quebec Conference -The London Conference -Act of Union 1840 -If you have another topic in mind, ask and I will probably allow it. TASK: PRESENTATION

57. STARTER: Begin to read through pages 56-61 - Take notes as you read through, I will be coming around to check the homework. UNIT REVIEW

58.  Each of you are going to create your own Jeopardy style questions and answers to review for the upcoming Unit 1 test and quiz  It can be on anything covered in the textbook up to the end of Unit 1 or anything relevant from class  For each group I want at least 2 questions made TASK: REVIEW QUESTIONS

59.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qWwtGk6WXpw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qWwtGk6WXpw  Unit Test Tomorrow CANADA: A PEOPLES HISTORY