1. Background to the Trojan War

2. i>clicker quiz A.The Rape of Helen B.The Rape of Ganymede C.The Rape of Leda D.The Rape of Europa W.B. Yeats states three results of a particular rape as the “the broken wall, the burning roof and tower, and Agamemnon dead.” Whose rape is it?

3. i>clicker quiz A.The Rape of Helen B.The Rape of Ganymede C.The Rape of Leda D.The Rape of Europa W.B. Yeats states three results of a particular rape as the “the broken wall, the burning roof and tower, and Agamemnon dead.” Whose rape is it? This is a mastery image. Da Sesto’s “Leda and the Swan”.

4. i>clicker quiz Leda bore two daughters as a result of her union with Zeus. Which pair is the the right set of Leda’s daughters? A.Helen and Hermione B.Helen and Clytemnestra C.Helen and Iphigenia D.Clytemnestra and Electra E.None of these is right

5. i>clicker quiz A.Helen and Hermione B.Helen and Clytemnestra C.Helen and Iphigenia D.Clytemnestra and Electra E.None of these is right Helen and Clytemnestra are the daughters of Zeus and Leda. They married sons of Atreus, Menelaus and Agamemnon, respectively. Leda bore two daughters as a result of her union with Zeus. Which pair is the the right set of Leda’s daughters?

6. i>clicker quiz A.Iphigenia B.Hermione C.Electra D.Helen E.Diana Agamemnon married Clytemnestra and they had a child. Which of the following is the child Agamemnon had to sacrifice so that the fleet might sail from Aulis?

7. i>clicker quiz A.Iphigenia B.Hermione C.Electra D.Helen E.Diana Iphigenia’s sacrifice at Aulis is one of the beginning-points of the Trojan War. Agamemnon married Clytemnestra. Which of the following is the child Agamenon was commanded to sacrifice so that the fleet might sail from Aulis?

8. i>clicker quiz A.The Rape of Helen B.The Rape of Ganymede C.The Marriage of Peleus and Thetis D.The Sailing of the Argo The Judgment of Paris is an event precipitated immediately by which immediately prior mythological event?

9. i>clicker quiz A.The Rape of Helen B.The Rape of Ganymede C.The Marriage of Peleus and Thetis D.The Sailing of the Argo At the Marriage of Peleus and Thetis, Eris (Discord) offered a golden apple labeled “for the fairest”. The Judgment of Paris is an event precipitated immediately by which prior mythological event?

10. Universality of the Iliad (cf. ML p. 507) Western Literature’s first classic: Aeneas asks in Aeneid 1.459 “What place, or what region of the world is not full of our toils? Goethe’s Faust admired Helen and conjured her up; Christopher Marlowe has his Dr. Faustus ask “Is this the face that launched a thousand ships?” Shakespeare’s Hamlet conjures up in his own way the Death of Priam as an exemplum his mother might heed. Jonathon Shay, Achilles in Vietnam: combat trauma and the undoing of character (Scribner: New York and Toronto, 1995). “’I died in Vietnam’ is a common utterance of our patients. Most viewed themselves as already dead at some point in their combat service, often after a close friend was killed. Homer shows Achilles as ‘already dead’ before his death....” Shay p. 51.

11. William Butler Yeats, “Leda and the Swan” 1924 A sudden blow: the great wings beating still Above the staggering girl, her thighs caressed By the dark webs, her nape caught in his bill, He holds her helpless breast upon his breast. How can those terrified vague fingers push The feathered glory from her loosening thighs? And how can body, laid in that white rush, But feel the strange heart beating where it lies? A shudder in the loins engenders there The broken wall, the burning roof and tower And Agamemnon dead. Being so caught up, So mastered by the brute blood of the air, Did she put on his knowledge with his power Before the indifferent beak could let her drop? Mythological The Rape of Leda results in the conception of Helen and Clytemnestra Yeats here foresees the breach of Troy’s walls the sack of Troy Agamemnon’s unhappy return OGCMA0633Leda_Yeats

12. Cesare Da Sesto, “Leda and the Swan,” ca. 1506, Wilton House Collection Mastery Image Zeus disguises himself as a swan to seduce the wife of Tyndareus, Leda. Sparta, where Tyndareus rules as king, is in the background. In a conflation of time, the sinuous seducer and the gamboling offspring are simultaneously present. The offspring of this union are the Dioscuri (Castor and Polydeuces) Clytemnestra Helen Some sources state that Helen and Polydeuces were Zeus’, and that Castor and Clytemnestra were Tyndareus’ offspring. Here they all seem to be the children of the swan. Leda’s facial beauty is often attributed to Leonardo’s own hand, though Da Sesto may have learned the skill from his teacher. http://www.imagiva.com/cesare-da-sesto/leda-and-the-swan.jpg

13. the Marriage of Peleus and Thetis Peleus an Argonaut had to wrestle with Thetis before she would consent to marry him Thetis a Nereid famously destined to bear a son who would be greater than his father, thus threatening to both Zeus and Poseidon The marriage took place on Mount Pelion, and all the gods — except Eris, “Discord” — were invited. Eris arrived in spite and offered the Apple of Discord, labeled “for the fairest”. Thetis and Peleus had marital difficulties in raising their famous son, Achilles.

14. Peter Paul Rubens, “The Judgment of Paris,” 1632- 35, National Gallery London inv. No. 194 Mastery Image (The image at right seems color- enhanced. See the NatGal website for more true color.) Mythological: Paris offers the Apple of Discord to Aphrodite, even as Athena and Hera offer their most persuasive arguments for his reward in the divine beauty contest. Athena has removed her weapons of defense; Hera’s peacock is menacing the sleeping dog; Eros handles Aphrodite’s discarded clothing; and Hermes looks on in rapt attention (note petasus and caduceus). Note the brewing storm-cloud: the Trojan War is in the offing. Rubens acted aggressively as a diplomat between Spain and England in the 1630’s, urging both sides to consider the negative effects of trivial war. http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/peter-paul-rubens-the-judgement-of-paris/350015

15. Lucas Cranach the Elder, “The Judgment of Paris,” 1528, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City The Apple of Discord is turned here into a glass orb. The goddesses’ iconographic attributes are hard to identify in this painting, and one might compare them rather to the Graces in their configuration. (The Graces are usually nearly identical to one another; these goddesses are individual.) Eros seems to aim at the lady in the fancy hat, whose feigned modesty might set her out as Aphrodite. She seems to indicate her affiliation with the hovering divinity. Hermes’ attire seems remarkably non-classical, even if all elements are present: traveling hat and staff. Paris is an armored knight. Troy is in a recognizable German landscape, the Elbsandsteingebirge on the Elbe River. Cranach has often taken heat for seeming more interested in painting female nudes in a sort of pin-up mentality. A subject with three female divinities might really appeal to such an artist. The message of this painting, though, may have arcane reference to alchemy. (H. Nickel) http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/28.221

16. The Judgment of Paris, central field from a 2 nd - century AD floor mosaic in the Atrium House, Antioch Paris is distracted from his mixed flock by the three goddesses: --Athena is looking intimidatingly martial with her aegis, helmet, spear, and shield beside her. Is that an owl over her head? --Hera is sitting on a royal throne with her queenly robes and scepter. --Aphrodite is looking winsome. --Psyche and Cupid look on triumphantly from the top left and right corners, respectively, anticipating Aphrodite’s victory. --Paris, who appears in eastern, Phrygian dress, is consulting with Hermes who holds a caduecus and bears wings on his feet (no petasus). ML p 476 provide caption and context. OGCMA0821ANCIENTParisJudgment_Antioch http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Judgement_Paris_Antioch_Louvre_Ma3443.jpg

17. Homer’s Iliad tells only part of the Trojan War Homer: in medias res Apollodorus’ Library narrates, encyclopedically, the Trojan War — from “Paris carried off Helen in accordance with the will of Zeus” through “After they killed the Trojans and burned the city...” — in 58 paragraphs. Homer’s narrative covers the material covered by paragraphs 36 through 43 of those: “Achilles became angry....” thru “... Priam ransomed Hector’s body and buried it.” Classical playwrights and others reverently resisted the temptation to tread Homeric turf; but he left lots to discuss Cf. the contest for the arms of Achilles, the sacrifice of Iphigenia, the death of Achilles, the Trojan Horse, etc. etc. etc. By the way: Have you noticed this bust in “O Brother, Where Art Thou?” The standard depiction of Homer was copied many times in antiquity, and many copies survive. Caetani Homer, this copy at the Louvre

18. Exekias, Achilles and Ajax Playing a Board Game, ca. 535 B.C. This is a common theme in Greek art, but if there was a literary source behind it, we’ve lost it. Achilles and Ajax are taking a break from the fight. The inscription tells us that Achilles (on the left) is beating Ajax 4-3 at whatever game they are playing. OGCMA0001ANCIENTAchilles_Exekias http://sites.google.com/site/theartoftragedysite/res

19. Some haikus of the Trojan War Samantha Ellsworth Arms and men; shoulders on thighs, heads off kingly necks. Leather through tendons. Eliza Ciccotti Discordant gold apple Ten years of war on Troy's shore Who will make it home? Rebecca Allen Pelides killed hope. Andromache wails in grief O Astyanax! Liz Lasley Apples, favors cause War death destruction confused Not sure what's the point

20. Hector and Andromache, Iliad 6, the first passage in Greek literature that makes Macfarlane cry Astyanax gives Hector and Andromache something to worry about at their last farewell. Iliad 6. 475ff. “In the same breath, shining Hector reached down / for his son — but the boy recoiled, / cringing against his nurse’s full breast, / screaming out at the sight of his own father, / terrified by the flashing bronze, the horsehair crest, / the great ridge of the helmet nodding, bristling terror — / so it struck his eyes. And his loving father laughed, / his mother laughed as well, and glorious Hector, / quickly lifting the helmet from his head, set it down on the ground, fiery in the sunlight, and raising his son he kissed him, tossed him in his arms...” Fagles trans. De Chirico’s “Hector and Andromache” (1917) does not make Macfarlane cry... In case you cared. http://bubuina.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/giorgio-de-chirico-hector-and-andromache.jpg

21. Priam and Achilles, Iliad 24: the humanization of Achilles Achilles relents and allows Priam to recover Patroclus’ body. Priam: “Revere the gods, Achilles! Pity me in my own right, remember your own father! I deserve more pity. I have endured what no one on earth has ever done before — I put to my lips the hands of the man who killed my son.” Those words stirred within Achilles a deep desire to grieve for his own father.” Fagles trans. http://www.utexas.edu/courses/larrymyth/images/trojanwar/XD-Priam-Achilles.jpg

22. Iliou Persis, Sack of Troy Athenian red-figure amphora The decoration around the neck of this amphora shows the Greeks ransacking the house of Priam during the sack of Troy. The Greek term is Iliou Persis. Above, Neoptolemus slays Priam, his son Polites gashed and dead across his lap. Neoptolemus is the son of Achilles, and his name means “new warrrior”. Below, Cassandra clutches the Palladium, as Ajax steps over the corpse of a fallen Trojan and grasps her by the nape of the neck.

23. Vergil, Aeneid 2: the best surviving version of the sack of Troy Aeneid 2 contains the narrative of Aeneas’ escape from burning Troy. Read Aeneid 2 for the death of Laocoon the Trojan Horse the death of Priam Aeneas’ escape from Troy Cunning irony in the fact that Aeneas narrates the whole to Dido. At right, Bernini’s Aeneas: the dutiful Aeneas carries Anchises on his shoulder, his own son Ascanius at his heel. Note the ancestral gods born in effigy on Anchises’ shoulder. This is all Vergil all the way. The second passage... Aen. 2.526 ff.

24. Laocoon group, Vatican Museums Vergil, Aeneid 2.199-233 tells the alarming death of Laocoon, the Trojan priest of Neptune who is overwhelmed with his sons by twin snakes that arrive from Tenedos. Laocoon, shortly before (line 49) had warned the Trojans to be on their guard. He looked at the Trojan Horse and warned famously: “Quidquid id est, timeo Danaos et dona ferentis!” (Whatever this is, I fear the Greeks even when they bring gifts.) The marble sculpture group now in the Vatican Museums was discovered in situ within Nero’s Golden House on 14 January 1506. It may be the same piece described anciently by Pliny the Elder (Hist. nat. 36.37) as the work of Rhodian sculptors Hagesandros, Athanodoros, and Polydoros. OGCMA0623ANCIENTLaocoon_Vatican http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Vatican-Le_Laocoon.jpg

26. Frederico Barocci, “The Flight of Aeneas from Troy,” 1598 ML p. 514 Aeneas is evacuating his family from falling Troy. His father Anchises is carrying the Penates as Aeneas carries him, while Creusa follows a little way off. She needs to stick with the group… Little Ascanius, perhaps hearing how “the vaulted halls ring with women’s wails; the din strikes the golden stars (Aen. 2.487)”, covers his ears. Aeneas’ shield and spear lie abandoned in the foreground; this is not his fight anymore. Details from Barocci’s contemporary Rome — Bramante’s Tempietto and the ancient Marcus Aurelius Column — are used as backdrops on what is supposed to be burning Troy. http://www.lib-art.com/imgpainting/8/2/4528-aeneas-flight-from-troy.jpgwww.lib-art.com/imgpainting/8/2/4528-aeneas-flight-from-troy.jpg OGCMA0044Aeneas_Barocci

27. Vergil, Aeneid 2: the best surviving version of the sack of Troy Aeneid 2 contains the narrative of Aeneas’ escape from burning Troy. Read Aeneid 2 for the death of Laocoon the Trojan Horse the death of Priam Aeneas’ escape from Troy Cunning irony in the fact that Aeneas narrates the whole to Dido. At right, Bernini’s Aeneas: the dutiful Aeneas carries Anchises on his shoulder, his own son Ascanius at his heel. Note the ancestral gods born in effigy on Anchises’ shoulder. This is all Vergil all the way. The second passage... Aen. 2.526 ff.

28. Chapter 19: The Trojan Saga and the Iliad The Children of Leda Leda and Zeus (as a swan) Castor and Clytemnestra (mortal egg); Helen and Polydeuces (immortal egg) The Dioscuri (“sons of Zeus”) Castor, tamer of horses and mortal Polydeuces (Roman Pollux), skilled in boxing and immortal Quarrel with Idas and Lynceus Rape of the Leucippides (“daughters of Leucippus”) Death of Castor Shared immortality of Castor and Polydeuces Patrons of sailors (St. Elmo’s fire) Helen Menelaüs, king of Sparta and Helen  Hermione Paris (Alexander), son of Priam and Hecuba, the king and queen of Troy The seduction of Helen and the start of the Trojan War Variant: Stesichorus’ Palinode: the real Helen and the phantom Helen The Judgment of Paris Wedding of Peleus and Thetis Eris, goddess of discord, and the golden apple (“for the most beautiful”) Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite vie for honor Paris chosen by Zeus to settle dispute Hecuba’s dream: Paris as firebrand Exposure as an infant Hermes leads goddesses to Paris for his judgment. Aphrodite wins with offer of Helen Lucian (Dialogue of the Gods 20) NOTE: The following slides are derivatives from ML materials. They are too lengthy for our use.

29. The Trojan Saga Troy and its Leaders Laomedon King of Troy Apollo and Poseidon commissioned to build walls of Troy Plague and sea monster sent as punishment Exposure of Hesione Heracles and the first Greek expedition to Troy Priam (Podarces) becomes king of Troy Priam and Hecuba 50 sons and 12 (or 50) daughters Hecuba as tragic figure Paris (Alexander) Paris and Oenone, a nymph with power to heal Paris grows to maturity and is received back into Priam’s house Favorite of Aphrodite Vanity and sensuality Paris will ultimately kill Achilles Hector, Andromache, and Astyanax Hector, brother of Paris Greatest of Troy’s defenders Andromache, Hector’s wife Astyanax, infant son of Hector and Andromache Helenus, Deïphobus, and Troïlus Helenus, prophet who knew the course of the war’s end Caught by Odysseus; survives war Marries Andromache Deïphobus, husband of Helen after death of Paris Troïlus, killed by Achilles; story of Troïlus and Cressida a later development

30. The Trojan Saga Cassandra and Polyxena Cassandra, daughter of Priam Prophetess, though never believed Killed by Clytemnestra Polyxena, final virgin sacrifice before the tomb of Achilles Aeneas Son of Anchises and Aphrodite Prophecy about Aeneas and his descendants: future rulers of Troy Significant in Roman legends Antenor Brother of Hecuba Counsels return of Helen Spared by Greeks With wife, Theano, he founds Patavium (Padua) in Italy Glaucus and Sarpedon Leaders of Lycian contingent Glaucus, hereditary guest-friend of Diomedes Killed by Ajax (son of Telamon) Sarpedon, son of Zeus and Laodamia Zeus’ Struggle with Sarpedon’s Fate (moira ) Sarpedon, second to Hector in nobility on Trojan side Expounds the demands of heroic arete (“excellence”) Rhesus Leader of Thracians Night raid of Odysseus and Diomedes

31. The Trojan Saga The Achaean Leaders Independent commanders of their contingents Agamemnon King of Mycenae “Lord of Men” Leader of expedition against Troy Greatest in prestige Menelaüs King of Sparta Brother of Agamemnon Husband of Helen Diomedes King of Argos and a great warrior Favored of Athena Wounds Ares and Aphrodite Associated with Odysseus The Palladium (statue of Pallas), talisman for Troy Nestor King of Pylos Oldest and wisest “His speech flowed more sweetly than honey.” Survives war Ajax the Greater of Salamis Son of Telamon Bulwark of the Achaeans Foil and rival of Odysseus Straightforward, brusque

32. The Trojan Saga Ajax the Less (or Lesser) Prince of Locrians, son of Oïleus Violation of Cassandra and his punishment Idomeneus Leader of Cretans, son of Deucalion Voluntary ally Odysseus Attempt to avoid war by feigning madness Crafty, cunning, of persuasive speech Achilles and His Son Neoptolemus (Pyrrhus) Prince of the Myrmidons in Phthia Greatest of Greek warriors Swift-footed, handsome Son of Peleus and Thetis Peleus Prince of Phthia, father of Achilles, son of Aeacus (king of Aegina), and brother of Telamon Death of Phocus, exile of Peleus to Phthia, and his purification by Eurytion Participation in the Calydonian boar hunt Accidental death of Eurytion Purification by Acastus, son of Pelias and king of Iolcus Acastus’ wife, Astydamia, falls in love with Peleus Acastus attempts to kill Peleus but fails Son of Peleus and Thetis destined to be greater than the father  Achilles

33. The Trojan Saga Thetis Unwilling wife of Peleus A Nereid (“child of Nereus”) Attempts to escape from Peleus Wedding of Peleus and Thetis She leaves Peleus not long after the birth of Achilles Thetis attempts to make Achilles immortal Achilles’ heel Educated by the centaur Chiron Achilles’ fate: early death with glory, or long life without glory Disguised as girl and sent to Scyros Achilles’ disguise unmasked by Odysseus Achilles and Deïdamia, daughter of Lycomedes, King of Scyros  Neoptolemus (Pyrhhus) Phoenix and Patroclus Phoenix Banished by his father Welcomed by Peleus Companion and tutor to Achilles Patroclus Also received by Peleus Closest companion of Achilles Later tradition would see them as lovers

34. The Trojan Saga The gathering of the expedition at Aulis Aulis, on the coast of Boeotia, opposite Euboea Roughly 1,200 ships The sacrifice of Iphigenia The anger of Artemis and the prophet Calchas Calchas’ prophecy about the length of the war The Arrival at Troy Philoctetes Son of Poeas Island of Chryse and Philoctetes’ wound Abandonment of Philoctetes on Lemnos Bow of Heracles and the fate of Troy Philoctetes kills Paris Achilles heals Telephus Mysian Hero, son of Heracles “He that wounded shall heal.” Protesilaüs and Laodamia Protesilaüs killed by Hector as the Greeks come ashore Laodamia’s grief Brief return of Protesilaüs and Laodamia’s suicide Cycnus, son of Poseidon, turned into a swan

35. The Trojan Saga The Iliad From the quarrel between Achilles and Agamemnon to the burial of Hector Chryseïs, daughter of Chryses, priest of Apollo Plague sent by Apollo Briseïs taken from Achilles as recompense Wrath of Achilles and his refusal to fight Heroic arete (“excellence”) wounded Epiphany of Athena to Achilles Thetis and Zeus Truce and duel between Menalaüs and Paris The farewell of Hector and Andromache Embassy to Achilles Odysseus’ attempt to soften Agamemnon’s words Achilles’ response Roles of Phoenix and Ajax Trojan victory and fire at the Greek ships Patroclus enters struggle Death of Sarpedon Patroclus killed by Hector Achilles’ unquenchable grief and rage Shield of Achilles fashioned by Hephaestus Achilles’ return Death of Hector Mutilation of Hector’s corpse Priam’s journey to ransom the body of Hector Achilles relents Burial of Hector The Olympian Gods in Battle Intimate involvement in conflict Theomachies (“conflicts between gods”) The Universality of the Iliad War as universal human experience

36. The Trojan Saga The Fall of Troy Sources: summaries of lost epics, tragedy, representations in art, and Vergil’s Aeneid Achilles and Penthesilea, leader of the Amazons Achilles and Memnon, son of Eos (Aurora), leader of the Ethiopians Death of Achilles Wounded in the heel by Paris with the aid of Apollo Corpse recovered by Ajax Ghost of Achilles and the sacrifice of Polyxena Odysseus and Ajax Compete for the Armor of Achilles Disgrace of Ajax, his madness, and suicide Sophocles’ Ajax The Deaths of Paris and Priam Summons of Neoptolemus (Pyrrhus) and Philoctetes Philoctetes kills Paris. Neoptolemus butchers Priam Vergil’s Aeneid The Wooden Horse Epeus Homer’s Odyssey and the song of Demodocus Vergil’s Aeneid, Book 2: a detailed account of the sack of Troy Odysseus’ role Sinon Laocoön’s fear of the horse and his death, along with his two sons

37. The Trojan Saga The Sack of Troy The wooden horse is brought inside Troy Greeks return from Tenedos Slaughter of Trojans Violation of Cassandra and her eventual murder Hecuba’s transformation; Cynossema (“dog’s tomb”) The Trojan Women of Euripides Death of Astyanax The Sack of Troy in the Aeneid Witness of Troy’s death throes, Aeneas, survives sack Anchises and Ascanius (Iulus) Creusa, Aeneas’ wife; her appearance as a ghost

38. The Trojan Saga Appendix Meleager and the Calydonian boar hunt The embassy to Achilles and Phoenix' cautionary tale of Meleager After the Calydonian boar hunt Meleager, in a quarrel, killed his uncle, brother of his mother Althaea In grief Althaea prays for the death of her son In anger Meleager withdraws from battle Cleopatra, Meleager’s wife, successfully appeals to him, but he returns to battle too late to receive the earlier offer of reward In the Book 9 of the Iliad Phoenix uses the argument of lost rewards to try and persuade Achilles to return to battle Calydonian boar hunt The François Vase Ovid’s version in the Metamorphoses Oeneus, descendant of Aeolus, king of Calydon, father of Deïanira Meleager, son of Oeneus Althaea, mother of Meleager, and the prophecy of the log Oeneus’ offense against Artemis Artemis sends a huge boar to ravage Calydon Gathering of heroes by Meleager Atalanta, daughter of Schoenus, a Boeotian king Atalanta is first to wound the boar; Meleager delivers the killing blow Meleager favors Atalanta Death of Althaea’s brothers The burning of the log and the death of Meleager Mourning women turned into guinea fowl (meleagrides)

39. The Trojan Saga Homer’s version Boar sent by Artemis during war between Calydonians and Curetes Meleager kills boar Curse of Althaea; Meleager withdraws from the war Meleager relents, and returns and saves Calydon Bacchylides’ fifth Epinician Ode Ghost of Meleager and Heracles The tradition of Atalanta Euripides’ Phoenissae: Atalanta as the mother of Parthenopaeus, one of the Seven against Thebes