1. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 Chapter 14, Section 3 Diplomatic and Military Powers S E C T I O N 3 Diplomatic and Military Powers How are treaties made and approved? Why and how are executive agreements made? What purpose does the power of recognition have? What powers does the President have in the role of commander in chief? 2222 4444 1111

2. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 The Power to Make Treaties Chapter 14, Section 3 2222 4444 1111 A treaty is a formal agreement between two or more sovereign states. The President, usually through the secretary of state, negotiates these international agreements. All treaties must pass approval by a two thirds of the members present vote in the Senate.

3. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 Executive Agreements Chapter 14, Section 3 2222 4444 1111 An executive agreement is a pact between the President and the head of a foreign state, or a subordinate. Unlike treaties, executive agreements do not require Senate consent. Agreements have been made to exchange U.S. destroyers for British naval bases (1940); to end the Korean War (1953); and to forge a coalition to defeat Iraqi aggression against Kuwait (1990).

4. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 There are nearly 10 times as many executive agreements as there are treaties; on average, only 30 treaties but more than 250 agreements have been concluded each year since the 1960s. The majority of the executive agreements have been authorized by Congress in advance or ratified by Congress after being put into effect, and most require subsequent laws by Congress to be implemented. Only about 5 percent of executive agreements are negotiated and implemented without any congressional role.

5. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 The Power of Recognition Chapter 14, Section 3 2222 4444 1111 The power of recognition is exercised when the President, acting for the United States, acknowledges the legal existence of another sovereign state. The President may show American displeasure with the conduct of another country by asking for the recall of that nation’s ambassador or other diplomatic representatives in this country. The official is declared to be persona non grata, or an unwelcome person.

6. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 Commander in Chief Making Undeclared War Many Presidents have used the armed forces abroad without a declaration of war. (Vietnam War, Gulf War of 1991, invasion of Afghanistan after September 11, 2001, attacks, current Iraq war were all approved by a joint resolution of Congress.) The War Powers Resolution The War Powers Resolution of 1973 limits the President’s war- making powers. The War Powers Resolution’s constitutionality remains in doubt. Chapter 14, Section 3 2222 4444 1111 The Constitution makes the President the commander in chief of the nation’s armed forces.