1. Vector control Vectors Spraying Mosquito nets Environmental modifications

2. 2 Vectors and diseases in emergency AnophelesAedesHousefly Disease s MalariaDengue and yellow fever Diarrhoeal diseases, skin and eye infections LarvalExposed to sunlight and associated to floating vegetation in pools, quiet places in slow- running streams, rice fields. Also in artificial containers Above the water line in pools with clean water. The preferred habitats are water storage tanks and jars inside the and outside houses. Buried on rotting organic material (human (garbage, excreta). AdultActive between sunset and sunrise Rest indoors and outdoor sheltered resting sites Bite mainly in the morning or evening. Hey rest often outdoors. Active during the day. Resting indoors.

3. 3 Vector borne disease risk  Assessment of potential risk  Clinical evidence  Factors influencing the risk:  Immune status of the population  Movement of population from a non endemic to an endemic area  Pathogen type and prevalence  Vector species, behaviour and ecology  Exposure to vectors (shelter type)

4. 4 Control measures Mosquitoes  Personal protection  Making houses and shelter insect – proof (Zero fly – insecticide plastic sheeting)  Insecticide spraying  Environmental modifications to prevent breeding (drainage) Houseflies  Improvement of environmental sanitation (excreta disposal and waste management)  Promotion hygiene practices  Fly traps  Control with insecticides

5. 5 Personal protection  Bed nets  Repellents  Mosquito coils

6. 6 Sphere All disaster affected people have the knowledge and the means to protect themselves from diseases and nuisance vectors that are likely to represent a significant risk to health or well-being.

7. 7 Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) LLINs are nets treated in the factory with an insecticide incorporated into the net fabric which makes the insecticide last at least 3 years of recommended use under field conditions. PermaNet® which is treated with 55mg/m2 of deltamethrin to coat fibres.

8. 8 LLINs distribution in emergency  Target population: Children U5 + Pregnant women  1 LLIN per household (mother sleeps together with the newborn).  House-to-house visits to ensure proper hanging and usage. This might be integrated in ongoing health programmes.  In special and urgent situations, this activity can be linked to indoor residual spraying (IRS). Niger Red Cross

9. 9 Exercise: Design a clean up campaign  Design a clean up campaign for a community, look at  What areas/item in the community need to be addressed?  What is your key message  How will you conduct the clean up campaign?  What is your timeframe?

10. 10 Environmental modifications tins tyre Water container Water storage tank obstructed roof gutters) Dense vegetation

11. 11 Insecticide spraying  Specialist attention and involvement of local authorities  Detailed vector study: its resting and biting behaviour and its susceptibility to insecticides.  Trained personnel and protection equipment.  Acceptance of space-spraying by communities.

12. 12 Sphere The numbers of diseases vectors that pose a risk to people’s health and nuisance vectors that pose a risk to people’s well-being are kept to an acceptable level. Chemical vector control measures are carried out in a manner that ensures that staff, the people affected by the disaster and the local environment are adequately protected. And avoids creating resistance to the substances used.

13. 13 Wall Spraying - Efficacy  Mosquito resting behaviour  Mosquito susceptibility to insecticides (resistance)  Suitability of wall surface for spraying  Suitability of insecticide  Cooperation of community and local authorities

14. 14 Wall spraying technique

15. 15 Spraying operation 1.Calculating total surface area to be sprayed 2.Calculating the amount of insecticide needed for one round of spraying 3.Personnel required: a)1 person / 5 Ha / 8-10 houses / day b)Maximum 4 hours / day 4.Equipment required (spare parts, protection equipment) 5.Calculating the time needed to cover the area (spraying time + transport + evacuation + pressurizing or filling with fuel).

16. 16 ERU WATSAN Mod.15 Spraying equipment  3 Backpack sprayer (manual, 15 l, 5 bar)  1 backpack sprayer (motorized)  Insecticide (Lambda Cihalotrin) (3 bottles 250 grs.)  30 Overalls  30 Globes  30 Face half mask for insecticide application  30 Rubber boots

17. 17 Deltametrine  Pyrethroid insecticide: kills insects on contact and through digestion.  Available as 2.5% water-dispersible powder. At a dosage of 0.05 g/m 2 – effective for mosquitoes - it usually remains effective for 2-3 months.  Toxic for human by inhalation or direct contact (gloves and mask are key protective gear)  High toxicity to fish, bees and aquatic herbivorous insects  In soil, degradation occurs within 1-2 weeks.  There is no degradation in storage for 6 months at 40 degrees C.  It is considered stable when exposed to air and sunlight.

18. 18  The efficient execution of IRS (indoor residual spraying) where necessary  The appropriate use of LLINs  Effective disposal of household solid waste  Effective household drainage  Control of flies and mosquitoes associated with excreta disposal Community involvement

19. 19 Bibliography