1. JEFFERSON'S PRESIDENCY
“the Bible would be cast into a bonfire, our holy worship
changed into a dance of (French) Jacobin phrensy, our
Wives and daughters dishonored, and our sons converted
In to the disciples of Voltaire and the dragoons of Marat”
Rev. Timothy Dwight ( ), on Jefferson’s election.

2. The Election of 1800 Overview
This election was a re-match of the 1796 Election between the Pro-French and Pro-decentralization Democrat-Republicans led by Thomas Jefferson & Aaron Burr and the Pro-British and pro-centralized government policies of John Adams & Charles Pinckney.
* This was a realigning election that ushered in a generation of Democrat-Republican Rule and the beginning of the demise of the Federalist Party (in 1816) ENDING THE FIRST PARTY SYSTEM.

3. The Election of 1800 Overview
Thomas Jefferson called the RESULTS OF the election of 1800 “The Revolution of 1800” for several reasons:
First peaceful transfer of power in our federal government between the two political parties.
In Jefferson’s mind, the election seemed to indicate that the American people were rejecting the Pro-centralized government policies of the federalists and embracing the anti-centralizing policies of the pro-French Democrat-Republicans—a return to the foundational values of our fight for independence.
The Main political issues in the Election:
Opposition to a tax imposed by Congress to mobilize the army & navy in the Quasi War against France.
The Alien & Sedition Acts- which the Federalist Party passed to stop criticism of the Federalist Party government by Democrat-Republicans.

4. The Election of 1800 Overview
The Election of 1800 Exposed one of the flaws in the Original Constitution: Members of the Electoral College were authorized to vote for TWO names for President.
The Democrat-Republicans had arranged for one of the electors to abstain (not vote) from casting his second vote for Aaron Burr which would have led to Jefferson receiving one more electoral vote than Burr thus becoming President and Burr would have been Vice-President.
The Plan somehow got fouled up—each elector who voted for Jefferson ALSO Voted for Burr= a TIE.
The House of Representative (after 35 tries) elected Jefferson President with the 36th Ballot.
**1804- The 12th Amendment is added: stipulates that electors make discrete selections for President & VP on separate ballots.

5. The Election of 1800 The Candidates
Federalist –John Adams- advocate of strong central government; public order
Republican- Thomas Jefferson- advocate for agrarianism, liberty, state’s rights.
1st election in which Federalists & Democrat-Republicans are national parties!
Disadvantages for Federalists -Alien & Sedition Acts & “High Federalist like Hamilton did not support Adams
* VP candidate --Hamilton attacked Adams in print
** most damaging- Adam’s refusal to fight France= war prep= more debts.
The Campaign- personal mudslinging- accusations that Jefferson had fathered mulatto children with slaves (Sally Heming's), liberal in religion (claimed him atheist)
Jefferson did better in South & West (universal white male suffrage)—JEFFERSON and Burr WIN
Jefferson benefitted from the 3/5 Compromise also

6. Jefferson defeats Adams in the Electoral College 73-65.
ELECTION OF 1800
Jefferson defeats Adams in the Electoral College
Problem: Jefferson & Burr received 73 votes each and both were Democratic-Republicans
Therefore election decided by House of Representatives

7. Thomas Jefferson’s Inaugural Address,
Jefferson is inaugurated in March (4 months after the election).
Goals of the Speech:
Reach out to his political opponents
Heal the political divide between the Federalist Party and the Democrat-Republicans.
Jefferson also strongly shows support for religion.

8. FRIENDS AND FELLOW-CITIZENS,
Called upon to undertake the duties of the first executive office of our country…I look with encouragement for that guidance and support which may enable us to steer with safety the vessel in which we are all embarked amidst the conflicting elements of a troubled world.
During the contest of opinion through which we have passed the animation of discussions and of exertions has sometimes worn an aspect which might impose on strangers unused to think freely and to speak and to write what they think; but this being now decided by the voice of the nation, announced according to the rules of the Constitution, all will, of course, arrange themselves under the will of the law, and unite in common efforts for the common good. All, too, will bear in mind this sacred principle, that though the will of the majority is in all cases to prevail, that will to be rightful must be reasonable; that the minority possess their equal rights, which equal law must protect, and to violate would be oppression

9. “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists
“We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it. ..”

10. The Judiciary Act, 1801 and the “Midnight Judges”
During the “LAME DUCK Period”, Federalists enacted controversial laws:
Judiciary Act of 1801
Created 16 new federal judgeships & other offices
John Adams remained at his desk until midnight of his last night in office appointing Federalists (“midnight judges”) to the 16 new jobs.
Appointed John Marshall Supreme Court Chief Justice
William Marbury took his case to the Supreme Court to force Jefferson (Sec. of State MADISON to deliver his job).
Marbury v. Madison (1803) – judicial review (reinforced the power of the Supreme Court to declare laws of Congress and president unconstitutional)
Chief Justice John Marshall (cousin to Jefferson & appointed by John Adams) wrote the opinion in the case.

11. Chief Justice John Marshall stated,
MARBURY VS MADISON
Chief Justice John Marshall stated,
“The Constitution is either a superior paramount law, unchangeable by ordinary means, or it is on a level with ordinary legislative acts, and like other acts, is alterable when the legislature shall please to alter it.
If the former part of the alternative be true, then a legislative acting contrary to the constitution is now law; if the latter part be true, then written constitutions are absurd attempts, on the part of the people to limit a power in its own nature illimitable.
It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is
If, then, the courts are to regard the Constitution and the Constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature, the Constitution and no such ordinary act, must govern the case to which they are both applicable”.

12. THOMAS JEFFERSON Born in Virginia Graduate of William and Mary College
A practicing lawyer and member of Virginia’s House of Burgesses
Father of the DOI
Secretary of State under President Washington
Vice President under Adams
Owned 200 slaves

13. AARON BURR Aaron Burr (1756-1836) Born in Newark N.J.
Helped turn NY to Jefferson
Fought with the continental Army in the Revolutionary war.
A practicing lawyer in New York City against Hamilton
Vice President of the United States ( ).
Kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel
Involved in the Burr Conspiracy

14. Significance of Election of 1800
REVOLUTION OF 1800?
John S. Adams Thomas Jefferson Federalist Democratic/Republican
Significance of Election of 1800
*peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another
“revolutionary” achievement

15. Was the Election of 1800 a Revolution?
Not a political upheaval- TJ barely won
Not a new political system (still under constitution)
Why Revolution?
“Supposed” to be a return to Revolution ideas= check power of federal government

16. Responsibility › Moderation
Jefferson As President
Responsibility › Moderation
Inaugural Address- “We are all Republicans; we are all Federalists…”
Jefferson integrated democratic principles into presidency, including walking, pell-mell dining, casual dress
Set precedent of sending messages to Congress to be read, rather than speaking himself
Jefferson dismissed few Federalist appointments, used very little patronage, consistent with conciliatory inaugural address
Jefferson as politician used personal charm to sway congressional representatives

17. Strict Construction of Constitution
JEFFERSON "Inconsistently Consistent"
Anti-War and Anti-Navy (Pacifist)
Went to war with Barbary Pirates in North Africa
Built the “mosquito fleet” of naval ships
Anti-British/Pro-French
Almost allied with England and went to war with France to force Napoleon out of New Orleans.
Against slavery
Owned 200 slaves
Strict Construction of Constitution
Strict constructionist who used loose construction of Constitution in purchase of Louisiana territory
Jefferson realized that “ideas” are often hard to put into practice in a “realistic world”.

18. Jefferson As President
Adams was the last Federalist president
Jefferson kept most of Federalist policies
Federalist diplomats had signed good treaties with England, Spain, France, and kept US out of war.
Federalists preserved democratic gains, while fending off anarchy

19. Restraint Helps Revolution
Jefferson As President
Restraint Helps Revolution
Jefferson axed a few Federalist policies
Reduced size of army =2,500 officers & men
Pardoned those convicted under expired Sedition Act
Reduced residency requirement for citizenship back to 5 years
Repealed hated Whiskey Tax ($1 million gov’t shortfall)
Made efforts to eliminate debt

20. Restraint Helps Revolution
FEDERALIST FINALE
Restraint Helps Revolution
Kept most Federalist policies
Did not attack tariff, Bank, funding at par, or assumption of debt
Helped 2-party system by showing that defeat (for Federalists) didn’t mean disaster

21. Jeffersonian democracy
Visualized an agrarian society
Feared industrialization and its effects ….
Farmers were the chosen class.
Laissez faire--govt. stays out of people’s lives
Against BUS but did not repeal it.
Owned slaves but believed it was evil….Slavery would end but predicted it would divide U.S…Ultimate goal, Blacks would assimilate into American society
Native Americans, co-existence a long range goal but would have to learn agricultural ways and become self-sufficient…For that time, Indians and whites could not co-exist and worked towards voluntary removal of tribes to western lands
Believed education the key to social mobility
Jeffersonian democracy

22. JEFFERSON AND THE PIRATES
1801: Pasha of Tripoli was not happy with his share of dollars
Informally declared war on US.
Pacifist Jefferson reluctantly dispatched navy (‘to the shores of Tripoli”)
After 4 years of fighting secured peace treaty for $60,000 ransom for American sailors.

23. JEFFERSON AND THE PIRATES
Small gunboats used with some success in Tripoli
Jefferson interested in their cost savings.
“Mosquito fleet” of 200 small gunboats constructed.
War of 1812: these boats would prove to be ineffective.

24. Barbary raids

25. New Orleans Spanish Land 1800 Great Britain after the Revolution.
United States after War
Spanish land after Revolution
New Orleans

26. 1800-Secret Treaty- France acquired Spanish Louisiana & New Orleans
LOUISIANA PURCHASE
1800-Secret Treaty- France acquired Spanish Louisiana & New Orleans
1802-Spain withdrew permission for America to deposit goods at New Orleans
Because of pressure from the west and national security threats, Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans from France

27. New Orleans French Land in 1801 Great Britain after the Revolution.
United States after War
Spanish land
New Orleans

28. *The Louisiana Purchase
1803- Thomas Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris– he joined- Robert Livingston (American ambassador to France)
Instructions: Buy New Orleans and as much land as possible for $10 million.
if negotiations break down- open negotiations with Britain for alliance.
Napoleon decided to sale all of Louisiana.
Why?
Haiti Revolts (Toussaint L’Ouverture & yellow fever)- no need for New Orleans foodstuffs.
France restarts war with Britain- Napoleon preoccupied.

29. New Orleans French Land in 1801 Great Britain after the Revolution.
United States after War
Spanish land
New Orleans

30. New Orleans Under My Wings
Haitian rev
NEW ORLEANS
New Orleans Under My Wings
The French and Spanish developed this port city during the eighteenth century. By century's end many in the United States saw New Orleans as a key to the new nation's future expansion and prosperity. (Chicago Historical Society)

31. Forced him to abandon his dream of a French America.
Haitian rev
HAITIAN REVOLUTION
Toussaint L’Ouverture, former slave led a slave rebellion in French Haiti.
Napoleon unable to put down this rebellion; he wanted to use this island as stepping stone into America….
Forced him to abandon his dream of a French America.

32. LOUISIANA PURCHASE
Louisiana purchase
Since Napoleon was at war with Great Britain he offered entire Louisiana Territory to US for $15 million
Needed the money for his war with Great Britain
Jefferson purchased Louisiana Territory for $15 million, about 3 cents an acre
*nearly Doubled the size of the US
Jefferson’s greatest accomplishment
Why? Didn’t fight a war, no blood shed.