1. Aggregate Supply AP Economics Coach Knight

2. Aggregate Supply The level of Real GDP (GDP R ) that firms will produce at each Price Level (PL) The level of Real GDP (GDP R ) that firms will produce at each Price Level (PL)

3. Long-Run v. Short-Run Long-Run Long-Run –Period of time where input prices are completely flexible and adjust to changes in the price-level –In the long-run, the level of Real GDP supplied is independent of the price- level Short-Run Short-Run –Period of time where input prices are sticky and do not adjust to changes in the price-level –In the short-run, the level of Real GDP supplied is directly related to the price level

4. Long-Run Aggregate Supply (LRAS) The Long-Run Aggregate Supply or LRAS marks the level of full employment in the economy (analogous to PPC) The Long-Run Aggregate Supply or LRAS marks the level of full employment in the economy (analogous to PPC) Because input prices are completely flexible in the long-run, changes in price-level do not change firms’ real profits and therefore do not change firms’ level of output. This means that the LRAS is vertical at the economy’s level of full employment Because input prices are completely flexible in the long-run, changes in price-level do not change firms’ real profits and therefore do not change firms’ level of output. This means that the LRAS is vertical at the economy’s level of full employment

5. Long-Run Aggregate Supply (LRAS) PL GDP R LRAS YfYf

6. Short-Run Aggregate Supply (SRAS) Because input prices are sticky in the short-run, the SRAS is upward sloping.This reflects the fact that in the short-run, increases in the price-level increase firm’s profits and create incentives to increase output. As the price-level falls, firm’s profits drop and this creates an incentive to reduce output. Because input prices are sticky in the short-run, the SRAS is upward sloping.This reflects the fact that in the short-run, increases in the price-level increase firm’s profits and create incentives to increase output. As the price-level falls, firm’s profits drop and this creates an incentive to reduce output.

7. Short-Run Aggregate Supply (SRAS) PL GDP R SRAS

8. Changes in SRAS An increase in SRAS is seen as a shift to the right. SRAS  An increase in SRAS is seen as a shift to the right. SRAS  A decrease in SRAS is seen as a shift to the left. SRAS  A decrease in SRAS is seen as a shift to the left. SRAS  The key to understanding shifts in SRAS is per unit cost of production The key to understanding shifts in SRAS is per unit cost of production Per-unit production cost = total input cost / total output

9. Changes in SRAS (Increase) PL GDP R SRASSRAS 1

10. Changes in SRAS (Decrease) PL GDP R SRASSRAS 1

11. Determinants of SRAS (all of the following affect unit production cost) Input Prices Input Prices Productivity Productivity Legal-Institutional Environment Legal-Institutional Environment

12. Input Prices Domestic Resource Prices Domestic Resource Prices –Wages (75% of all business costs) –Cost of capital –Raw Materials (commodity prices) Foreign Resource Prices Foreign Resource Prices –Strong $ = lower foreign resource prices –Weak $ = higher foreign resource prices Market Power Market Power –Monopolies and cartels that control resources control the price of those resources Increases in Resource Prices = SRAS  Increases in Resource Prices = SRAS  Decreases in Resource Prices = SRAS  Decreases in Resource Prices = SRAS 

13. Productivity Productivity = total output / total inputs Productivity = total output / total inputs More productivity = lower unit production cost = SRAS  More productivity = lower unit production cost = SRAS  Lower productivity = higher unit production cost = SRAS  Lower productivity = higher unit production cost = SRAS 

14. Legal-Institutional Environment Taxes and Subsidies Taxes and Subsidies –Taxes ($ to gov’t) on business increase per unit production cost = SRAS  –Subsidies ($ from gov’t) to business reduce per unit production cost = SRAS  Government Regulation Government Regulation –Government regulation creates a cost of compliance = SRAS  –Deregulation reduces compliance costs = SRAS 