1. 论文写作指导 —— 撰写初稿 外国语学院 魏晓红 Thesis Writing

2. A Guide to Thesis Writing —— Writing the First Draft weixiaohonghd@163.com Thesis Writing

3. First Draft 2. Style 1.SuggestionsSuggestions 3. Language 4. Mechanics Draft Writing

4. 1)Making a Plan ( 制定写作计划 ) ： Each time focus on one chapter or part. Finish the thesis step by step. 写作建议 Writing the first draft Suggestions

5. 2 ） Following the Process of Writing( 遵循写作规律 ): (1) Brain-storming: writing down whatever comes into your mind (2) Mind-mapping: organizing ideas expanding paragraphs 写作建议 Writing the first draft Suggestions

6. (3) Consultation: getting inspiration to enrich your ideas from references or a focused purposeful discussion. (4) Idea-noting: Taking down the new ideas 写作建议 Writing the first draft Suggestions

7. 3) The first draft is not the final draft. You may write many before you finish your final one. 写作建议 Writing the first draft Suggestions

8. Attentions: 1) the organization and development of your ideas; 2) the unity and coherence of your presentation; 3) the command of sentence structure, grammar, and diction 4) capitalization, spelling, punctuation, etc.

9. Writing Style Writing Style Writing Style Writing Style Language Focus Language Focus Language Focus Language Focus Mechanics Mechanics Mechanics Mechanics Writing the First Draft 返回

10. Writing Style  1) Usually, write in the third person  In this thesis I want to discuss…  √ The present thesis attempts to discuss…  Now I want to conclude that…  √ It is concluded that…

11. Writing Style  2) Write straightforwardly  The style should be neither artificially formal nor as loose and relaxed as a personal letter.  Writers don’t usually…  √ Writers do not usually…

12. Writing Style  3) Always refer to individuals by their full name (given and surnames) or by surname alone.  √ Steinem says… or Gloria Steinem  ——not “Gloria says…”  √ Dr. Jane Smith, President Truman, Dame Sutherland…

13. Writing Style 4) Write as specifically as possible  Everyone in China is learning English.  √ Many people in China are learning English.  Young √ five years old  Strive to say exactly what you mean and never let the reader guess at your intention.

14. Writing Style  5) Show no bias toward a person’s age, sex, race, political attitude, religious beliefs, sexual orientation, or national origin unless such information is necessary to what you are writing (or appears in a passage you quote).  Fairness should be evident in your own writing.  But you cannot change what other people have written or said.

15. Writing Style  No longer use he,him or his; she, her  e.g.  “If a young artist is not confident, he can quickly become discouraged.”  — “If young artists are not confident, they can quickly become discouraged.”  — “A young artist who is not confident can quickly become discouraged.”

16. Try to use carefully the direct quotations You should quote no more than 30% of your thesis. 写作风格 Requirements for Style Writing Style 返回

17. Tense Choice Tense Choice Tense Choice Tense Choice Unity Unity Unity Unity Coherence Coherence Coherence Coherence 返回 Language Focus

18. Tense Choice  1) Past tense: reference to single studies  e.g.  Jones (1987) investigated the causes of illiteracy.  The causes of illiteracy were investigated by Jones (1987).

19. Tense Choice  2) Present tense: reference to areas of inquiry 探究、调查  e.g.  The causes of illiteracy have been widely investigated (Jones 1987, Ferrara 1990, Hyon 1994).  There have been several investigations into the causes of illiteracy (Jones 1987, Ferrara 1990, Hyon 1994).  Several researchers have studies the causes of illiteracy (Jones 1987, Ferrara 1990, Hyon 1994).

20. Tense Choice  3) Present: reference to state of current knowledge  e.g.  The causes of illiteracy are complex (Jones 1987, Ferrara 1990, Hyon 1994).  Illiteracy appears to have a complex set of causes (Jones 1987, Ferrara 1990, Hyon 1994). 返回

21. 1) Unity  Maintain the order and continuity not only for the chapters or sections but for the thesis as a whole, presenting ideas, observations or generalizations in a logical and consistent sequence.  A unified paper is one that deals with a single subject and a single idea. 返回

22. A coherent writing should (1) hang together well, (2) hold the attention of readers, (3) help them move from one point to another. 连贯 Requirements for Coherence 2) Coherence

23. Methods: (1) Transitional words and phrases (2) Pronouns (such as “he, she, they, them, those”) (3) Repetition of key words and phrases 连贯 Requirements for Coherence 2) Coherence

24. (4) Consistent point of view It is better for you to make the thesis statement clear at the beginning of your thesis, develop and support it in the thesis and repeat it at the end of your thesis. 连贯 Requirements for Coherence 2) Coherence

25. (5) Integration (Combination) of information You need skillfully integrate them with your own text and not just string together a series of quotations and paraphrases. Do not over quote. Avoid patchwork. Do not change your source. 连贯 Requirements for Coherence 2) Coherence 返回

26. Numbers Numbers Numbers Numbers Abbreviations Abbreviations Abbreviations Abbreviations Italics and Titles Italics and Titles Italics and Titles Italics and Titles 返回 Mechanics

27. 1) Numbers  (1) seventy-five, three thousand— —should be spelled out.  (2) Use numerals for dates, page, street, serial, and telephone numbers.

28. 1) Numbers  (3) A sentence should not begin with a numeral.  If a number must begin a sentence, spell it out, but whenever possible, rewrite the sentence.  e.g. Five hundred and seventeen people visited the gallery last week.  Revised: Last week, 517 people visited the gallery. 返回

29. 2) Abbreviations  Avoid abbreviations in the text of a research paper.  Exceptions:  (1) Social titles:  Mr. Ms

30. 2) Abbreviations (2) Professional and honorary titles: Dr. Prof. (3) Names of countries and organizations: U.S.A. UN… (4) Abbreviations accepted as words: SARS, AIDS… 返回

31. 3) Italics Italics may be used to provide emphasis, to refer words as words, to serve to indicate the correct reading of a word when it might be misunderstood. The use of italics should be kept to a minimum.

32. 4) Titles of works (1) Titles in italics  Book, pamphlet, journal, newspaper, play, long poem, magazine, film, name of vehicle.

33. 4) Titles of works (2) Titles in quotation marks  Article in a journal, magazine, newspaper, encyclopedia, compilation;  short story; short poem;  chapter in a book;  lecture and unpublished thesis.

34. 4) Titles of works  (3) Capitalization  the first and the last words in titles,  the first word after a colon 返回

35. First Draft 2. Style 1.SuggestionsSuggestions 3. Language 4. Mechanics Draft Writing

36. Assignments  Write your first draft, giving a careful consideration to what we have discussed. Writing makes an exact man.

37. The End Thanks for your attention. Goodbye.