1. Early Colonial Outposts in the Americas The Spanish Experience

2. P1:Christian Iberia Christendom Rome The Holy Trinity Reconquista Prince Ferdinand & Queen Isabella Granada, 1492

3. Early Atlantic World Iberia “natives” Azores, Canary, and Madeira Islands African Gold Sugar plantations Genocide 1478 Ecological Imperialism

4. Caravel Lateen sail (triangular) Portuguese maritime college Prince Henry the Navigator The Volta Circumvent Muslims Maritime Technology

5. Cruising the Caribbean Columbus 1492 “the Indies” Hispaniola 2 nd voyage, 1493 1000+ men, animals, Columbian Exchange Harvest of gold, souls

6. Taino (Arawaks) & Caribs Greater and Lesser Antilles 6 million people Disease & forced labor Caciques & encomiendas Genocide

7. Spanish colonial structures Adelantado- a man who successfully petitioned the Crown to lead an expedition Assumed financial risk, raised capital Joint efforts between Crown and adelantado Quinto- one-fifth reserved for Crown

8. Encomienda Method of settlement Apportion of Indian labor to conquerors Finite # of Indians Competition Economic base of conquest Tributary system Responsibility: spiritual leadership of natives

9. Sexual Encounters Spanish male explorers Caribbean encounters Nudity Sexual violence

10. Michele de Cuneo “When I was in the boat I captured a very beautiful Carib woman, whom …Columbus gave to me…. Having taken her into my cabin, she being naked according to their custom I conceived desire to take pleasure. I wanted to put my desire into execution but she did not want it and treated me with her finger nails in such a manner that I wished I had never begun. But seeing that, I took a rope and thrashed her well, for which she raised such unheard of screams that you would not have believed your ears. Finally we came to an agreement that I can tell you that she seemed to have been brought up in a school of harlots.”

11. The Moral Debate What to do with the natives? Enslave or convert? 1500 Spanish Crown decision: conversion Exception: enslavement for warfare, cannibalism

12. Fray Bartolomé de las Casas Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias), published in 1552 A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies Documented Spanish atrocities Black legend Document # 3, Voices of Freedom

13. P2:The World of Cortés Spanish world established on the Atlantic Sea Board Enmity with Governor Velasquez of Cuba Cortes wanted to establish his own colony To be governor

14. Yucatán Expeditions before Cortes Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba- February to April 1517 55 men killed by Mayas on the Yucatán May 1518- Juan de Grijalva Bought news of “promising lands inland” Alerted Aztecs Spanish weapons

15. Contingency & Conquest Translators Geronimo de Aguilar Marina (La Malinche) Marina spoke Nahuatl and Mayan Aguilar spoke Mayan and Spanish

16. Tlaxcala & Cortés City-state Independence from Tenochtitlán Formidable warriors Battle Eventual alliance Indispensable allies

17. Mexica (Aztec) Chinampas: “floating gardens” Advanced horticulture Each farmer produced enough to support dozens of artisans, priests, warriors, administrators High productivity Dense population

18. Mexica & Aztec The term Aztec is a political name the Mexica peoples took after their ascension to power Aztec derived from Aztlán, the mythical area of the group’s origin in northwest Mexico

19. November 8, 1519 Moctezuma greets Spaniard and Indian allies Why would Moctezuma invite Spaniards? To kill? Deify?

21. “Conquest,” from National Geographic Series, Guns, Germs, and Steel (2005) Francisco Pizarro Inca Empire (Peru) The Andes Jineta riding style Ataxalpa (Inca ruler) Spanish rapier Cajamarca European writing system vs. writing in the Americas tilted axes & cultural diffusion smallpox domesticated animals