1. Blue Ocean Floor Justin Timberlake Review Session tonight, Mar. 1, 8-9PM, 100 Thomas Riptide, Vance Joy Sitting on the dock of the bay, Otis Redding Mid-Term Exam on Thursday in class Fishin' In The Dark The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band Life in the Ocean, Sustainable Fisheries Lec. 15; March 1

2. Read about the Sea Around Us Course Web Site

3. The Sea Around Us My Job in Geosc040 100 Thomas… CLASS Wait for clicker questions Help is on the way!

4. Life in the Ocean There’s No Such Thing as a Free Lunch! Fig. 12.9 Zones, where do things live.. Classification by light vs. location Nearshore vs. Open Ocean What Resources for the Biota? What provides the basis for “food chains” in the marine realm? (answer: photosynthesis!!)

5. Phytoplankton in Marine Food Webs

6. Phytoplankton: 3 Major Groups Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) About 100 µm across Diatoms --opal (SiO 2 ) Coccolithophorids, calcite (CaCO 3 ) Dinoflagellates, organic-walled,

7. Ingredients for Photosynthesis L ight Nutrients Carbon Dioxide Water In the ocean, light and/or nutrients are almost always the limiting factor. Let’s examine light and nutrients as factors

8. Marine Phytoplankton Biomass Production is highest where most nutrients are supplied. Think about the conditions that promote ample supply of nutrients. What are ‘nutrients’? What factors influence “primary production”?

9. It’s a bloom!!! Think about the conditions that promote ample supply of nutrients. Marine Phytoplankton Biomass

10. The Energy Cycle Note that photosynthesis (and formation of plant organic matter) requires sunlight and nutrients Organic matter is consumed by animals and plants (respiration), supporting their growth Nutrients must be “recycled” (excreted by animals, “regenerated” by bacteria) to be reused by plants Photosynthesis Consumers nutrients

11. Phytoplankton, the base of the food chain (also called “autotrophs”) 1. consume carbon dioxide, produce oxygen 2. convert energy to food to support entire ocean ecosystem 3. Phytoplankton do this in the epipelagic zone: 0-200m (3% ocean volume) 4. only a small amount of carbon produced (< 1%) escapes consumption and is buried in sediments The Energy Cycle

12. Marine Phytoplankton Biomass Production is highest where most nutrients are supplied What conditions promote ample supply of nutrients? What other factors influence “primary production”?

13. Which of the following is/are true? A)I will receive full credit for answering 80% or more of the questions B) If there are 10 questions and I answer at least 8 of them I’ll get full credit for today (100%) C) If I answer the question correctly I’ll get a bonus point, up to a maximum of 105% for today’s in-class exercise D) All of the above (this is the correct answer, choose D!)

14. Clicker warm up….. I know that we have an exam in class on Thursday a)True b)False c)Other Mid-Term Exam on Thursday in class

15. www.teara.govt.nz http://phys.org/news/2014-03-ninety-five- cent-world-fish-mesopelagic.html

16. www.teara.govt.nz

17. http://phys.org/news/2014-03-ninety-five- cent-world-fish-mesopelagic.html UWA Professor Carlos Duarte led a seven-month circumnavigation of the globe in the Spanish research vessel Duarte says mesopelagic fish – fish that live between 100 and 1000m below the surface – constitute 95 per cent of the world's fish biomass. This layer must play a more significant role in the functioning of the ocean and affecting the flow of carbon and oxygen in the ocean… Most mesopelagic species tend to feed near the surface at night, and move to deeper layers in the daytime to avoid birds.

18. http://www.economist.com/news/international/21596990-humans-are-damaging-high- seas-now-oceans-are-doing-harm-back-deep-water ABOUT 3 billion people live within 100 miles (160km) of the sea… The oceans produce $3 trillion of goods and services each year and untold value for the Earth’s ecology. Life could not exist without these vast water reserves…

19. http://www.economist.com/news/international/21596990-humans-are-damaging-high- seas-now-oceans-are-doing-harm-back-deep-water it has long been clear that people are damaging the oceans Now, the consequences of that damage are starting to be felt onshore. More serious is the global mismanagement of fish stocks. About 3 billion people get a fifth of their protein from fish, making it a more important protein source than beef.

20. A vicious cycle has developed as fish stocks decline and fishermen race to grab what they can of the remainder. According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), a third of fish stocks in the oceans are over- exploited; …big predatory species—such as tuna, swordfish and marlin— may have fallen by as much as 90% since the 1950s. http://www.economist.com/news/international/215969 90-humans-are-damaging-high-seas-now-oceans-are- doing-harm-back-deep-water

22. The problem here is political rather than regulatory: how should mining revenues be distributed? Deep-sea minerals are supposed to be “the common heritage of mankind”. Does that mean everyone is entitled to a part?

23. Greater than 99% of oceanic fish production occurs in about 10% of ocean area (shelves and upwelling zones). Why? Because: The production of organic matter (by phytoplankton) is highest per unit area in shelves and upwelling zones Food chains are shorter (fewer trophic levels), so less overall loss of energy. Efficiency is greater!! Greater than 99% of oceanic fish production occurs in about 10% of ocean area (shelves and upwelling zones). Why? Because: The production of organic matter (by phytoplankton) is highest per unit area in shelves and upwelling zones Food chains are shorter (fewer trophic levels), so less overall loss of energy. Efficiency is greater!!

24. Phytoplankton: Major Groups Diatoms, Their Shells are made of opal (SiO 2 ), Coccolithophorids, Their Shells are made of calcite (CaCO 3 ), Dinoflagellates, Their bodies are organic-walled

25. http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/redtide.html Dinoflagellates produce Red Tide (HABS)

26. www.whoi.edu There is still some question as to what exactly causes red tide outbreaks. Many factors need to be present in order for these large blooms to occur including nutrients, sunlight, the right water temperature, and cysts. Without sunlight, the phytoplankton would be unable to photosynthesize and unable to multiply in number. Water temperature also plays a role in algae blooms. As ocean water has warmed over the past decade the number of red tides has increased.

27. www.whoi.edu Many factors need to be present in order for these large blooms to occur including nutrients, sunlight, the right water temperature, cysts. Without sunlight, the phytoplankton would be unable to photosynthesize

28. HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS The most common threat to shellfish- eating humans is Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) PSP can result from eathing clams, mussels, or other shellfish that have ingested algae laden with a family of poisons called saxitoxins. Saxitoxins act like corks, blocking the movement of sodium through the nerves and thereby deactivating them. The result is paralysis - only your heart, which runs on a separate system, and your brain remain functional. Eventually you suffocate and die. There is no known antidote for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning. The most common threat to shellfish- eating humans is Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) PSP can result from eathing clams, mussels, or other shellfish that have ingested algae laden with a family of poisons called saxitoxins. Saxitoxins act like corks, blocking the movement of sodium through the nerves and thereby deactivating them. The result is paralysis - only your heart, which runs on a separate system, and your brain remain functional. Eventually you suffocate and die. There is no known antidote for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning.

29. Boston Globe, June 2005

32. Storm or density-induced mixing plankton bloom nutrient-rich deep water Wind-driven upwelling wind nutrient-rich deep water plankton bloom River runoff to ocean river plankton bloom photic zone Nutrient Supply to Photic Zone: How does it work?

33. Harmful Algal Blooms One expert points out, there are many folkloric "rules" among West Coasters about how to detect toxins in shellfish. He cautions against all of them. "Don't believe the common expression that shellfish are safe to eat in months with the letter R in them - blooms can happen any time of the year." In 1999, for example, PSP outbreaks on the West Coast lingered well into October and November. And nibbling on a single clam to see if your lips tingle before chowing down on more - another commonly believed old wives' tale - is not just bad advice; it could spell disaster.

34. Harmful Algal Blooms and Aquaculture Naylor, SCIENCE, 313; 8 SEPTEMBER2006 The burgeoning business of aquaculture, or fish farming, is also a growing source of nutrients for harmful blooms. The fish in enclosed fish farms produce a huge amount of waste, which in turn feeds the blooms. Recently, an epidemic of toxic blooms spurred Scotland to ban scallop fishing from 8,000 square miles of coastal waters; the blooms were blamed on waste generated by salmon farms. According to the Suzuki Institute, fish farms off the coast of B.C. dump sewage equivalent to that generated by a city of 500,000 people into coastal coves every day. The US recently introduced legislation to promote offshore aquaculture.

35. Is There Remediation of HABs? Perhaps--one strategy is to spray fine clay over surface The surfaces of the clay (only one type, called montmorillonite, works) attracts algal cells and settles to the bottom thus sweeping out the HAB for awhile

36. Which of the following are correct? A.UWA Professor Carlos Duarte says mesopelagic fish constitute 95 per cent of the world's fish biomass. B.The mesopelagic layer of the ocean is between 100 m and 1000 C.The mesopelagic layer may play a significant role in the functioning of the ocean, affecting the flow of carbon and oxygen in the ocean… D.Most mesopelagic species tend to feed near the surface at night, and move to deeper layers in the daytime to avoid birds. E.All of the above

37. The Sea Around Us My Job in Geosc040 100 Thomas… CLASS Wait for clicker questions Help is on the way!

38. Sustainable Fisheries? Infinite ocean… X X X X

39. Fish production increasing to 172 million tonnes by 2015 (?) Most of the increase comes from aquaculture www.fao.org/fishery

40. Compare with last slide www.fao.org/fishery Sustainable Fisheries? FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

41. www.fao.org/fishery FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

42. www.fao.org/fishery Where the fish are…

43. www.fao.org/fishery And what they are..

44. www.fao.org/fishery

45. What is the problem? Overfishing!, made worse by pollution, global warming, habitat destruction…

46. Tokyo Fish Market….This many Tuna EVERY morning Overfishing!, made worse by pollution, global warming, habitat destruction…

47. http://www.ametsoc.org/atmospolicy/documents/Boris_Worm_MAR19_2007.pdf Yellowfin Tuna

48. http://www.ametsoc.org/atmospolicy/documents/Boris_Worm_MAR19_2007.pdf Swordfish

49. http://www.ametsoc.org/atmospolicy/documents/Boris_Worm_MAR19_2007.pdf

50. A well known example of overfishing (and success story!)

52. Cod: A Rich Atlantic Heritage? Atlantic Cod Gadus Morhua The fish that gave Cape Cod its name is severely overfished. Smaller cod marketed as “scrod” The collapse of New England groundfish, including cod, has cost $350 million in lost annual income and 14,000 jobs. Strict limits imposed on fishing to allow groundfish to recover are beginning to show positive results for some species in some areas. Check out: http://www.pbs.org/emptyoceans/cod/

53. Aquaculture: is it sustainable? Most cultured fish are carnivorous –Wild caught fish needed to feed farmed fish –How many pounds per farmed fish? Farmed fish are kept at high (unnatural) population densities (e.g. 25,000 fish per acre enclosure) --prone to injury, parasitism (sea lice) and disease --pollutant concentrations high --drug (e.g. antibiotics) use necessary (contamination of waters) Escape of alien species Got your interest? Try the link below for a 1-hour radio program (from February, 2006) by Kootenay Radio on Atlantic Salmon farming in the Pacific Ocean. Also, many other links to aquaculture pages there. http://www.cjly.net/deconstructingdi nner/020206.htm

54. The Role of Aquaculture In 1980, 9% of fish consumed by humans came from aquaculture Today 43% (45.5 million tonnes, worth $63 billion) of “seafood” eaten results from aquaculture! “Mariculture:” raised in the ocean An amazing statistic!

55. Sustainable Fisheries? Infinite ocean… X X X X http://www.oceanfutures.org

57. Earth’s global heat and temperature Outgoing long wavelength radiation Incoming short wavelength radiation