1. V. Kingdom Animalia
A. Introduction
1. Characteristics:
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Heterotrophic
Lack cell walls.

2. V. Kingdom Animalia
A. Introduction
1. Characteristics
2. History
- first animals in fossil record date to 900 mya largely wormlike soft-bodied organisms

3. V. Kingdom Animalia
A. Introduction
1. Characteristics
2. History
- first animals in fossil record date to 900 mya largely wormlike soft-bodied organisms
- in the Cambrian, 550 mya:
– response to predators (Cnidarians)
– radiation of major phyla organisms with hard parts

4. V. Kingdom Animalia
A. Introduction
1. Characteristics
2. History
3. Diversity
- Approximately 1 million described
animal species. Of these:
5% have a backbone (vertebrates)
( a subphylum in the phylum Chordata)
Pikaia - earliest Chordate

5. V. Kingdom Animalia
A. Introduction
1. Characteristics
2. History
3. Diversity
- 95% lack a backbone (invertebrates)
(in 29 Phyla, including Chordata)
- 85% are Arthropods

6. V. Kingdom Animalia
A. Introduction
1. Characteristics
2. History
3. Diversity
- most ‘types’ of animals (phyla) are
invertebrate, marine orgs.
- humans are not typical animals

7. V. Kingdom Animalia
A. Introduction
1. Characteristics
2. History
3. Diversity
4. Evolutionary Trends

8. V. Kingdom Animalia
A. Introduction
1. Characteristics
2. History
3. Diversity
4. Evolutionary Trends
- Body Symmetry
asymmetrical
radially symmetrical
bilaterally symmetrical

10. V. Kingdom Animalia
A. Introduction
1. Characteristics
2. History
3. Diversity
4. Evolutionary Trends
- Embryological development
zygote – morula – blastula – gastrula – neurula

12. Gastrulation in the sea urchin

15. V. Kingdom Animalia
A. Introduction
1. Characteristics
2. History
3. Diversity
4. Evolutionary Trends
- “Cephalization” – evolving a head

16. V. Kingdom Animalia
A. Introduction
1. Characteristics
2. History
3. Diversity
4. Evolutionary Trends
- Digestion

17. V. Kingdom Animalia
A. Introduction
1. Characteristics
2. History
3. Diversity
4. Evolutionary Trends
- Digestion
* intracellular to extracellular

18. V. Kingdom Animalia
A. Introduction
1. Characteristics
2. History
3. Diversity
4. Evolutionary Trends
- Digestion
* intracellular to extracellular
* “gut” to “tract”

19. V. Kingdom Animalia
A. Introduction
1. Characteristics
2. History
3. Diversity
4. Evolutionary Trends
5. Phylogeny

20. 5. Phylogeny

21. II. Animal Diversity
A. Sponges

22. II. Animal Diversity
A. Sponges
- asymmetrical

23. II. Animal Diversity
A. Sponges
- asymmetrical
- loosely integrated cells (not true tissues)

24. II. Animal Diversity
A. Sponges
- asymmetrical
- loosely integrated cells
- cell types:
choanocytes line cavity – absorb food
epidermal cells on outer surface
mesohyll – contains supporting soft spongin fibers and rigid, silicaceous spicules. Also, ameoboid cells that transfer food from choanocytes to outer cells.

26. II. Animal Diversity
B. Cnidarians
1. Diversity
- Hydras

27. II. Animal Diversity
B. Cnidarians
1. Diversity
- Hydras
- Jellyfish

28. II. Animal Diversity
B. Cnidarians
1. Diversity
- Hydras
- Jellyfish
- Anemones

29. II. Animal Diversity
B. Cnidarians
1. Diversity
- Hydras
- Jellyfish
- Anemones
- Corals

30. II. Animal Diversity
B. Cnidarians
2. Body Plan
diploblastic – two true tissue layers
(ectoderm and endoderm)

31. II. Animal Diversity
B. Cnidarians
2. Body Plan
- diploblastic – two true tissue layers
(ectoderm and endoderm)
- gastrovascular cavity
- ameoboid cells in mesoglia

32. II. Animal Diversity
B. Cnidarians
2. Body Plan
- diploblastic – two true tissue layers
(ectoderm and endoderm)
- gastrovascular cavity
- ameoboid cells in mesoglea
- cnidocytes with nematocysts

34. II. Animal Diversity
B. Cnidarians
2. Body Plan
- diploblastic – two true tissue layers
(ectoderm and endoderm)
- gastrovascular cavity
- ameoboid cells in mesoglea
- cnidocytes with nematocysts
- Hydra and jellies alternate between polyp and medusa stages; coral and anemones have only polyps

37. II. Animal Diversity
C. Bilateria –
Triploblastic: gastrulation and mesoderm formation
(acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, or eucoelomate)

38. II. Animal Diversity
C. Bilateria –
Triploblastic: gastrulation and mesoderm formation
(acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, or eucoelomate)
Bilaterally Symmetrical – “head” and “top”
concentration of sensory systems at front
“cephalization”

39. II. Animal Diversity
C. Bilateria
1. Protostomes – blastopore forms mouth
a. Lophotrochozoans
b. Ecdysozoans
2. Deuterostomes – blastopore forms anus
a. Echinodermata
b. Hemichordata
c. Chordata

40. II. Animal Diversity
a. Lophotrochozoans
- Lophophore (feeding structure) or trochophore larvae

41. II. Animal Diversity
a. Lophotrochozoans

42. II. Animal Diversity
a. Lophotrochozoans
1. Platyhelminthes
a. Diversity
- Planarians
(free-living)

43. II. Animal Diversity
a. Lophotrochozoans
1. Platyhelminthes
a. Diversity
- Planarians
- Tapeworms - parasitic

46. II. Animal Diversity
a. Lophotrochozoans
1. Platyhelminthes
a. Diversity
- Planarians
- Tapeworms - parasitic
- Flukes – parasitic
Complex life cycles
Life cycle of a blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni

47. II. Animal Diversity
a. Lophotrochozoans
1. Platyhelminthes
b. body plan
- bilateral
- nerve net cephalized – nerve ring

49. II. Animal Diversity
a. Lophotrochozoans
1. Platyhelminthes
b. body plan
- bilateral
- nerve net cephalized – nerve ring
- ‘acoelomate’ – deep tissues…

50. II. Animal Diversity
a. Lophotrochozoans
1. Platyhelminthes
b. body plan
- bilateral
- nerve net cephalized – nerve ring
- ‘acoelomate’ – deep tissues…
- pharynx and convoluted gut: convoluted gut serves to distribute nutrients to “deep” tissues…acts as a ‘vascular’ (distributive) system… so the gut is called a “gastrovascular” cavity.

51. II. Animal Diversity
a. Lophotrochozoans
2. “Lophophorates”
- a diverse group of worm-like animals that have the same feeding structure – a “lophophore”
- complete gut