1. 031BNB031 SMOKE OPERATIONS M56 SMOKE GENERATORM58 SMOKE GENERATOR

2. 031BNB032 TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE ACTION: Conduct Smoke Operations. CONDITIONS: In a classroom environment given student handouts, TM 3-1040-282-10, TM 3-1040-285-10, FM 3-50, FM 3-101-1.

3. 031BNB033 TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE STANDARDS: Conduct smoke operations to include: Plan Smoke Operations Predict Weather and Terrain Effects on Smoke Determine Fuel and Fog Oil Requirements for a Smoke Mission.

4. 031BNB034 TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE STANDARDS: con’t Smoke Movement Techniques

5. 031BNB035 LESSON ADMINISTRATIVE DATA Risk Assessment Level: Low Environmental Considerations: No major environmental impact, training entirely of an administrative or classroom nature, with little or no environmental impact on the environment, equipment or personnel. It is the responsibility of all soldiers and DA civilians to protect the environment from damage. Evaluation None.

6. 031BNB036 PLAN SMOKE OPERATIONS Conduct a smoke reconnaissance to gather needed information to plan the smoke mission. Calculate the number of generators required for the mission. Formula: Determine the width of the selected area in meters. Divide this number by the initial generator spacing, in meters, calculated during the smoke reconnaissance; then add 1. This is the minimum number of generators required for the mission.

7. 031BNB037 FORMULA EXAMPLE Width of area: 1800 meters (divided by) Generator Spacing: 300 meters = 6 (add 1) Total: 7 generators required for the mission.

8. 031BNB038 PLAN SMOKE OPERATIONS Calculate fog oil requirements for the mission. (M58 uses 1.33gal/min or 80 gal/hr) Examples (1) Smoke mission using 2 M58 for 4 hours: 80 X 2 X 4 = 640 gallons of fog oil required. (2) Smoke mission using 7 M58 for 3 hours: 80 X 7 X 3 = 1,680 gallons of fog oil required. (3) Smoke mission using 3 M58 for.5 hours: 80 X 3 X 1.33 = 320 gallons of fog oil required.

9. 031BNB039 PLAN SMOKE OPERATIONS Determine the number of gallons of gasoline required for a smoke mission based upon the smoke equipment used. (M58 uses 12 gal/hr of diesel) Examples (1) M58 smoke mission using 7 generators for 3 hours: 3 X 7 X 12 = gallons of gasoline required. (2) M58 smoke mission using 4 generators for 7 hours: 7 X 4 X 12 = 336 gallons of gasoline required.

10. 031BNB0310 PLAN SMOKE OPERATIONS Plan for 360-degree coverage of the selected area identified during the smoke reconnaissance. Ensure that all generator operators have smoke pots available to conceal their generator locations with smoke. If smoke positions are located in terrain that makes them vulnerable to attack by threat mechanized or armored units, request antitank weapon support from higher headquarters or supported unit.

11. 031BNB0311 PREDICT WEATHER AND TERRAIN EFFECTS ON SMOKE Wind Direction- Favorable surface wind directions for smoke operations are: 1. Tail winds 2. Quartering winds 3. Flanking winds

12. 031BNB0312 PREDICT WEATHER AND TERRAIN EFFECTS ON SMOKE Wind Speed 1. Low wind speeds or calm conditions allow smoke to remain in the target area for longer period. 2. Some types of smoke behave differently at different wind speeds.

13. 031BNB0313 PREDICT WEATHER AND TERRAIN EFFECTS ON SMOKE Temperature Gradients 1. Stable 2. Unstable 3. Neutral

14. 031BNB0314 PREDICT WEATHER AND TERRAIN EFFECTS ON SMOKE Humidity- Most smoke munitions produce a denser (thicker) smoke when the humidity is high than when it is low; therefore, high humidity is generally favorably for smoke employment. Precipitation- Light rains decrease visibility and Heavy rains and snow reduce visibility. Cloud cover- The amount of clouds in the sky gives an indication of how smoke will act on the battlefield.

15. 031BNB0315 PREDICT WEATHER AND TERRAIN EFFECTS ON SMOKE Terrain- Influences smoke travel by diverting and altering the normal wind flow. Smoke streamers tend to follow terrain contours. HILL

16. 031BNB0316 PREDICT WEATHER AND TERRAIN EFFECTS ON SMOKE Thermally Induced Winds 1. Valley winds 2. Slope winds 3. Breezes Land and Sea breezes

17. 031BNB0317

18. 031BNB0318 ADVISE COMMANDER ON USE OF SMOKE OPERATIONS Consider weather conditions that will affect smoke operations. Consider methods of disseminating smoke to support mission requirements. Advise the commander of the advantages and disadvantages of smoke integration.

19. 031BNB0319 COLUMN FORMATION STAGGERED COLUMN COLUMN DIRECTION OF TRAVEL

20. 031BNB0320 WEDGE FORMATION WEDGE COLUMN OF WEDGES DIRECTION OF TRAVEL

21. 031BNB0321 VEE FORMATION VEE SPLIT VEE DIRECTION OF TRAVEL

22. 031BNB0322 ECHELON RIGHT (OR LEFT) FORMATION ECHELON LEFTECHELON RIGHT DIRECTION OF TRAVEL

23. 031BNB0323 HERRINGBONE FORMATION HERRINGBONE

24. 031BNB0324 COIL FORMATION

25. 031BNB0325 BACK AND FORTH TECHNIQUE Smoke Target

26. 031BNB0326 SQUAD BOUNDING

27. 031BNB0327 LEAP FROG TECHNIQUE

28. 031BNB0328 RACE TRACK TECHNIQUE Smoke Target

29. 031BNB0329 SUMMARY PLAN SMOKE OPERATIONS PREDICT WEATHER AND TERRAIN EFFECTS ON SMOKE FUEL SUPPLY OPERATIONS SMOKE MOVEMENT TECHNIQUES