1. Slide 1/25 Gwyn P. Williams Free Electron Laser Jefferson Lab 12000 Jefferson Avenue Newport News, Virginia 23606 JSA Science Council January 7, 2011 Plans for a VUV Science Program at the FEL

2. Slide 2/25 Outline Context Strategy Detailed experimental plan

3. Slide 3/25 Average Brightness (photons/sec/mm2 / mrad2) Photon Energy (eV) 2 nd Generation 3 rd Generation 4 th Generation JLab THz JLab FEL potential upgrade path harmonic s JLab FEL

4. Slide 4/25 ANL-08/39 BNL-81895-2008 LBNL-1090E-2009 SLAC-R-917 JLAB upgrade LCLS JLAB upgrade harmonics NGLS FLASH Ultimate light source Average Brightness Landscape for Light Sources

5. Slide 5/25 Average Brightness (photons/sec/mm2 / mrad2) Photon Energy (eV) JLab THz JLab FEL potential upgrade path harmonic s Work function of metals Table-top laser limit VUV Ops Target JLab FEL VUV Opportunities

6. Slide 6/25 Real Numbers - above table is for 10 eV photon energy, 0.1% bandwidth - assumes JLab FEL at 4.7 MHz, 230 fs FWHM

7. Slide 7/25 Real Numbers – more detail Advanced light source average brightness= 1.0 × 10 17 HGHG average brightness = 4.1 × 10 13 Jefferson Lab FEL average brightness= 7.5 × 10 18 Jefferson Lab appears to have an advantage of 75, but the ALS requires a monochromator, which has a transmission of 10% at most. Jefferson Lab could also increase repetition rate by factor of 16 with cryo-cooling of the optics. So – potential gain of JLab FEL in near-future could be 3-4 orders of magnitude.

8. Slide 8/25 Focus on new physics for which FEL is game-changing Engage with stakeholders – BES and our Science Advisory Board Try to engage local or SURA universities Select 3 experiments in both materials and atomic science Collaborate with groups experienced in light source work Use existing equipment, don’t be over ambitious It is important to measure the bandwidth of our beam Strategy

9. Slide 9/25 Initial Science with JLab VUV FEL 1. Atom Trap Trace Analysis (ATTA). Lu Zheng-Tian (ANL) - nuclear physics funded 2. Combustion dynamics. David Osborn (Sandia) - recommended by Eric Rohlfing, BES 3. Electronic structure of correlated materials. Peter Johnson (BNL), Z.-X. Shen (Stanford) - co-recipients of 2011 Buckley prize

10. Slide 10/25 Atom Trap Trace Analysis (ATTA) PI - Lu Zheng-Tian – Argonne National Lab Charles Sukenik – Old Dominion University Science – develop Kr dating. 81 Kr clock is 229,000 yrs compared to C, which is 5730 yrs Qualifications – experiment running at Argonne. Critical application – dating the polar ice-caps. Why FEL? – high average power can study small volumes of water. Advantage of the experiment is that it uses FEL direct beam, without need of monochromator. The sample automatically selects the bandwidth it needs. Implementation - Idea is to bring equipment from Argonne, and collaborate with local university user.

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12. Slide 12/25 Schematic layout of the krypton ATTA apparatus. Metastable krypton atoms are produced in the discharge. The atoms are then transversely cooled, slowed and trapped by the laser beams shown as solid arrows. The fluorescence of individual trapped atoms is imaged to a detector. Total length of the apparatus is about 2.5 m Courtesy Lu Zheng-Tian ANL Atom Trap Trace Analysis (ATTA)

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14. Slide 14/25 Chemical Dynamics PI - David Osborne – Sandia (West) National Lab Craig Taatjes (Sandia), Steve Leone (LBNL) Science – new insight into chemistry by identification of reaction- intermediates using selective ionization then capture – isomeric detection is critical and new. Qualifications: Currently running experiments at the ALS, Berkeley. Critical Application - advanced complex fuels, new engines and pollution control. Why FEL? – enables low cross-section species to be studied. Advantage of the experiment is that it may be able to use FEL direct beam, without need of monochromator. The sample automatically selects the bandwidth it needs. Implementation - bring equipment from Sandia/Berkeley

15. Slide 15/25 Isomeric composition is important + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O + R  PAH

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19. Slide 19/25 C3H3C3H3 C5H5C5H5 C7H7C7H7 C9H8C9H8 Chemical Dynamics Reaction studied as function of time C 3 H 3 + C 2 H 2 → C 5 H 5 + C 2 H 2 → C 7 H 7... Courtesy Taatjes group, Sandia

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21. Slide 21/25 Electronic Structure of Correlated Materials PI -Peter Johnson – Brookhaven National Lab Z.-X. Shen – Stanford University/ALS Berkeley Science – measure electron quantum structure via photoemission. Qualifications – already running experiments at NSLS and ALS. Critical application – understanding novel materials such as high Tc superconductors. Why FEL? - Higher photon energies allow access to the whole Brillouin zone, not accessible at present. 2 photons also available for pump-probe. Short pulses for time of flight detector development. NB - This experiment will require a monochromator, which when implemented will enable many more experiments. Implementation - bring equipment from Brookhaven.

22. Slide 22/25 Energy and momentum resolved snapshot of the electronic structure of the charge density wave system TbTe 3 at a time-delay of 200 fs after photoexcitation. F. Schmitt et al., Science 321, 1649 (2008)] Photoemission of Correlated Materials

23. Slide 23/25 Future Options The continuation of the experimental program using what we have is subject to operating funds. Building an extended program would require us to address reliability issues. Potential to increase photon flux by order of magnitude using cryo-cooled mirrors (500K). Proposal already in to BES for new injector, and some operations funds to study electron beam dynamics ($10M). Could engage with BES to try to get funds for re-furbished linac sections to take fundamental to 10 eV. Additional funds could take it to 100 eV. Pursuing the science program will require a new program advisory committee, and we might think of a science workshop.

24. Slide 24/25 Conclusions We continue to operate and characterize the VUV-FEL. We are engaged with BES & several high profile users. The present plans rely on our measured performance to date, with possibilities of considerable improvement.

25. Slide 25/25 The Jefferson Lab FEL Team This work supported by the Office of Naval Research, the Joint Technology Office, the Commonwealth of Virginia, the DOE Air Force Research Laboratory, The US Army Night Vision Lab, and by DOE Basic Energy & Nuclear Sciences under contract DE-AC05- 060R23177. April 24, 2009