1. EASA HighIWC EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting WP1/Task1.2: Analysis of the microphysical properties of the HighIWC regions using existing airborne in-situ observations EASA HighIWC (EASA.2011.OP.28) Presented by Airbus - CNRS (LATMOS/BOM – LaMP – SAFIRE) December 2012 EASA.2011.OP.28

2. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC December 2012EASA.2011.OP.28Page 2 I. Airbus A340 Flight Tests: µ-phys. EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting A340 Flight Tests 2010 and F20 Megha-Tropiques campaigns II. Megha-Tropiques Falcon 20 Flights: µ-phys. III. TWC representation in proposed envelope

3. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC December 2012EASA.2011.OP.28Page 3 I. Airbus A340 Flight Tests EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting A340 Flight Tests 2010 and F20 Megha-Tropiques campaigns

4. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC EASA.2011.OP.28Page 4 I. Airbus A340 Flight Tests EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting A340 Flight Tests 2010: Introduction Commercial aircraft have been experiencing in-service events while flying in the vicinity of deep convective cloud since at least the early 1990s. Airbus has performed preliminary flight tests with the A340 MSN001 in high altitude icing conditions in order to characterize these atmospheric conditions : In total 14 Flight Three campaigns were performed from:  Darwin (Australia) from 23rd of February 2010 to 2nd of March 2010: Australian monsoon period in both oceanic and continental storms.  Cayenne (French Guiana) from 11th of May 2010 to 22nd of May 2010. Flights performed in oceanic storms.  Third campaign in 2012 out of Chile, first analysis December 2012

5. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC Both oceanic and continental convection -38°C and -47°C Targeted clouds were mesoscale convective cells. Flight example: Flight nr.1423: Icing conditions encountered were corresponding to description of in- service events (small particles, light turbulence) EASA.2011.OP.28Page 5 EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting A340 Flight Tests 2010: Introduction December 2012

6. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC Flight Tests specific instrumentation:  Icing instrumentation : Robust Probe and Airbus Nephelometer  Four Cameras : –1 camera on TAT Probe –3 cameras in cockpit for : Windscreen (video + audio) Forward outside view Weather Radar display –1 camera in cabin for L/H wing & engine air nacelle  Experimental Rockwell-Collins weather radar with increased reflectivity & turbulence detection, and cell tracking & display capacity (Cooperation with RCL)  Flight Test Aircraft classical instrumentation for monitoring of Aircraft Parameters January 2012EASA.2011.OP.28Page 6 Airbus Nephelometer (High resolution ice crystal imager) Robust Probe (TWC probe: hot wire constant temperature type device) EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting A340 Flight Tests 2010: Instrumentation on A340

7. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC 1. “ROBUST PROBE”  SEA 4 mm half-cylinder: Solid wire probe.  No failures or damage during one full winter at NRC tunnel, measures up to 9 gm -3 !!!  Nearly linear response for IWC at 160 m/s, ~200-300 MMD, collection efficiency = 0.4  Sensor element is exposed to cooling from two sources: airflow and intercepted condensed water.  Necessary power required to maintain the element’s temperature in the presence of these two cooling influences: dry and wet power.  Dry power calibrated/calculated!  Wet power is the extra, incremental power required in addition for condensed water intercepted by the heated element.  Wet power is directly related to the amount of TWC or IWC. EASA.2011.OP.28Page 7 EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting A340 Flight Tests 2010: Instrumentation on A340 December 2012

8. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC January 2012EASA.2011.OP.28Page 8 2. “AIRBUS nephelometer” A 2D shadow image is sampled with the CCD camera: microphysics from individual image processing: Crystal 2D area and area equivalent D eq deduced. EASA.2011.OP.28Page 8December 2012 EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting A340 Flight Tests 2010: Instrumentation on A340

9. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC December 2012EASA.2011.OP.28Page 9 A.) Brown and Francis (1995): m = particle mass in g D in µm, D taken as the mean of the maximum chord lengths. a= 7.38 * 10 -11 b=1.9 B.) Hobbs and Locatelli (1974): Same law with a and b as above, but D defined as diameter of sphere of equivalent cross sectional area. « Hobbs &Locatelli « or newer « Brown & Francis » approach is appropriate for « aggregates of unrimed bullets, columns, side planes ». Diameters far below 1 mm (H & L) and 800 µm (B & F). 2. “AIRBUS nephelometer” image processing: EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting A340 Flight Tests 2010: Microphysics

10. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC December 2012EASA.2011.OP.28Page 10 C.) Baker and Lawson 2006: Work confirms approach that surface ≈ mass. 2D area best correlated image parameter to estimate it’s mass!? Established for sedimenting precipitating larger ice crystals. 2. “AIRBUS nephelometer” image processing: EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting A340 Flight Tests 2010: Microphysics

11. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC December 2012EASA.2011.OP.28Page 11 Brown & Francis: (with D=D eq, see Hobbs & Locatelli) Airbus data test! Baker & Lawson: EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting A340 Flight Tests 2010: Microphysics

12. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC December 2012EASA.2011.OP.28Page 12 TWC from AIRBUS nephelometer and ROBUST probe (corrected for assumed 0.4 efficiency); below PSD contour plot EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting A340 Flight Tests 2010: Microphysics

13. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC December 2012EASA.2011.OP.28Page 13 EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting A340 Flight Tests 2010: Microphysics TWC from AIRBUS nephelometer and ROBUST probe (corrected for assumed 0.4 efficiency); below PSD contour plot. Robust underestimates (with 0.4) or Airbus nephelometer overestimates?

14. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC December 2012EASA.2011.OP.28Page 14 EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting A340 Flight Tests 2010: Microphysics TWC correlation plot: from AIRBUS nephelometer and ROBUST probe : (no correction factor applied!!) Some differences between : Darwin / Cayenne (efficiency of about 0.27) and Chile (efficiency of about 0.22). Differences due to temperature variability, other parameters? (IWC, MMD, etc...).

15. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC Cloud particle PSDs (Cayenne & Darwin): PSDs measured during the 2010 campaigns plotted by 5 o C intervals:a large variability of the concentration of crystals lower than 800 microns as a function of temperature, not so much above. EASA.2011.OP.28Page 15 EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting A340 Flight Tests 2010: Microphysics December 2012

16. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC  Airbus nephelometer and ROBUST probe correlated data:  Scale factor between two probes!  ROBUST efficiency is function f(v, IWC, MMD, T, p, etc...)!  Image (here D eq ) to mass conversion uncertainty (scattered data!)!  MMD of particles around 200µm (equivalent spherical diameter).  Maximum IWC values measured during 2010 campaigns up to 6 g/m 3 (from nephelometer).  For a standard cloud (17.4 nm) defined per appendix D/P, the TWC values observed during 2010 campaigns are rougly 4 g/m 3 (from nephelometer). EASA.2011.OP.28Page 16 EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting A340 Flight Tests 2010: Conclusions December 2012

17. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC December 2012EASA.2011.OP.28Page 17 EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting A340 Flight Tests 2010 and F20 Megha-Tropiques campaigns II. Megha-Tropiques Falcon 20 Flights

18. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC EASA.2011.OP.28Page 18 EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting Megha-Tropiques Falcon 20 Flights : Introduction II. Megha-Tropiques Falcon 20 Flights Ice Microphysical Properties over the Continent and over the Ocean during MT - Measurements: PSD and radar reflectivities. - Ice particle morphology from 2D images - Area-diameter and mass-diameter relations - Retrieved IWC: various approaches Key of the MT satellite mission is the repetition of the measurement in the Tropics MT general focus: Water cycle in the tropical atmosphere in the context of climate change. December 2012

19. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC EASA.2011.OP.28Page 19 EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting Megha-Tropiques Falcon 20 Flights : Introduction December 2012 2 Aircraft campaigns have been performed in order to improve the Rain Rate Retrieval. MCS (squall lines) for MT1MS for MT2 IC for MT2 13/08/201027/11/201108/12/2011 -Over West African Continent (Niamey/NIGER 08/2010), MT1. -All systems observed were Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCS). -Over Central Indian Ocean (Gan/MALDIVES, 11-12/2011), MT2. -2 types of systems : the first 2 weeks, systems with Mesoscale expension (MS). the last 2 weeks, systems formed by Isolated Convection (IC ).

20. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC EASA.2011.OP.28Page 20 EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting Megha-Tropiques Falcon 20 Flights : Instrumentation December 2012 PIP Precip. Imag. Probe 2DStereo 2D/3D imaging FFSP-ER (cloud drop PSD) CIP Cloud. Imager. Probe French Falcon 20 (SAFIRE) in Niamey (NIGER) Megha-Tropiques 2010. RASTA (Cloud RADAR (94GHz)) No bulk IWC measure

21. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC EASA.2011.OP.28Page 21 EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting Megha-Tropiques Falcon 20 Flights : Instrumentation December 2012 French Falcon 20 (SAFIRE) in Niamey (NIGER) Megha-Tropiques 2011. CPI Cloud particle imager RASTA (Cloud RADAR (94GHz)* FFSP-ER (cloud drop PSD) PIP Precip. Imag. Probe 2DStereo 2D/3D imaging

22. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC EASA.2011.OP.28Page 22 EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting Megha-Tropiques Falcon 20 Flights : Microphysics December 2012 MT1: Flight 18 at T ~ – 26°CMT2: flight 46 with 26 < T < -30°C 3 mm Mixture of graupels and aggregates, due to strong updraft Much more pristine ice crystals due to moderate updraft Typical ice crystal images in tropical convection

23. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC EASA.2011.OP.28Page 23 EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting Megha-Tropiques Falcon 20 Flights : Microphysics December 2012 Crystal geometry:  Length or D max  Width  Area  Perimeter  Surface roughness  Degree of symmetry  etc… Center of Gravity Length or D max Width CNRS-LaMP minimum crystal characterization:

24. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC EASA.2011.OP.28Page 24 EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting Megha-Tropiques Falcon 20 Flights : Microphysics December 2012 PSD composite : Dmax (also Deq) in the range 50-6400µm; resolution 10 µm Megha-Tropiques 1 : 5 flights PSD = 2DS + CIP + PIP Megha-Tropiques 2 : 4 flights PSD = 2DS + PIP #/L/µm µm (Dmax)

25. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC EASA.2011.OP.28Page 25 EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting Megha-Tropiques Falcon 20 Flights : Microphysics December 2012 Characterize the mass-diameter relationship using closure analysis between radar and in-situ observations

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27. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC EASA.2011.OP.28Page 27 EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting Megha-Tropiques Falcon 20 Flights : Microphysics December 2012  n(D max ) (PSD) Area [cm²] Dmax [cm] #/L/µm Dmax [µm]

28. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC EASA.2011.OP.28Page 28 EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting Megha-Tropiques Falcon 20 Flights : Microphysics December 2012 Numerical simulations to retrieve β =f°(σ) relation Projection 2D V(Dmax)  A(Dmax)

29. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC EASA.2011.OP.28Page 29 EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting Megha-Tropiques Falcon 20 Flights : Microphysics December 2012 Artificial stellar type crystals:

30. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC EASA.2011.OP.28Page 30 EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting Megha-Tropiques Falcon 20 Flights : Microphysics December 2012 Plates and bullet rosette type crystals:

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33. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC EASA.2011.OP.28Page 33 EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting Megha-Tropiques Falcon 20 Flights : Microphysics December 2012

34. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC EASA.2011.OP.28Page 34 EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting Megha-Tropiques Falcon 20 Flights : Microphysics December 2012 Simulated RADAR reflectivity at 94GHz (Tmatrice + Mie) Flattening parameter from crystal images (for T-matrix method) β exponent from  Measured reflectivity 94GHz (RASTA) [mm^6/mm^3] Crystal PSD en [#/L/µm] m(D max ) retrieval 10 second time step

35. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC EASA.2011.OP.28Page 35 EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting Megha-Tropiques Falcon 20 Flights : Microphysics December 2012 Profiles of αβ MCS (MT1) 0.0102.1 MCS (MT2) 0.0031.8 IC (MT2)0.0161.5

36. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC EASA.2011.OP.28Page 36 EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting Megha-Tropiques Falcon 20 Flights : Microphysics December 2012 Impact of temperature on m(D) relation and CWC: here for MT1

37. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC EASA.2011.OP.28Page 37 EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting Megha-Tropiques Falcon 20 Flights : Microphysics December 2012 1. Calculation of the Mass-Diameter Relationship : PSD and reflectivity at 95GHz (RASTA) measured. β is calculated with  from A(D) relationship: => α is calculated while matching simulated and measured 94GHz reflectivity (Tmatrix calculations for oblate particles with flattening parameter). 2. Calculation of the IWC (CWC) : Comparison of IWC retrievals a)Matching measured with simulated reflectivities via T-matrix b)Baker & Lawson (2006) method deriving unique geometric parameter X, then calculating IWC from X (crystal area A, width W, length L, perimeter P, sampling volume V) c)Constant m-D relation for MT-1 with  = 0.010 and  = 2.1

38. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC EASA.2011.OP.28Page 38 EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting Megha-Tropiques Falcon 20 Flights : Microphysics December 2012

39. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC EASA.2011.OP.28Page 39 EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting Megha-Tropiques Falcon 20 Flights : Microphysics December 2012

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41. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC EASA.2011.OP.28Page 41 EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting Megha-Tropiques Falcon 20 Flights : Microphysics December 2012

42. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC EASA.2011.OP.28Page 42 EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting Megha-Tropiques Falcon 20 Flights : Conclusions December 2012  Different type of predominant particle growth mechanism:  MT1: particles show predominant large graupel/aggregate type shapes  MT2: vapor diffusion plays a much more important role, vertical velocities less vigorous. Smaller ice particles  T-matrix calculations for IWC retrieval from crystal imagery very promising  Further studies of factors influencing the relation between α and β: (continental influence, oceanic influence, synoptic conditions, …)

43. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC December 2012EASA.2011.OP.28Page 43 III. Data representation in proposed envelope EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting A340 Flight Tests 2010 and F20 Megha-Tropiques campaigns

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46. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC EASA.2011.OP.28Page 46 EASA-HighIWC Final Meeting Megha-Tropiques Falcon 20 Flights : Conclusions December 2012  HighIWC regions may not reach spatial extension of 17.4 nm, but smaller scales?  Future: Using improved instruments to measure directly bulk IWC (IKP, ROBUST) beyond several grams per m 3 : Use HYMEX data for closure ROBUST TWC with T-matrix retrievals! Try preliminary ROBUST probe characterization for F-20  Use of Lawson & Baker method for Airbus Nephelometer image data to refine current TWC estimation. > Software developement for Dmax and X (A, W, L, P) extraction for Airbus nephelometer data is ongoing!

47. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC December 2012 Ice Water Content of clouds at High altitude (EASA HighIWC, EASA.2011.OP.28) This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWC Contractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization Project funded by the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) EASA.2011.OP.28Page 47

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49. This document and the information contained are EASA HighIWCContractors’ property and shall not be copied or disclosed to any third party without EASA HighIWC Contractors’ prior written authorization EASA HighIWC Median diamter is a D max diameter!