1. Measurements of microphysical properties of convective clouds in the tropics and the mid-latitudes

2. Introduction: recent projects in convective clouds - Megha-Tropiques (MT) - HYMEX - HAIC-HIWC Measurement objectives in convective clouds: Ice microphysical properties of tropical and mid-latitude convective clouds - Measurements: PSD and radar reflectivity - Ice particle morphology from 2D images - Area-diameter and mass-diameter relations - Retrieved IWC: various approaches  main question: quantifying the ice mass in clouds and precipitation Outline

3. 2 aircraft campaigns have been performed in order to improve the rain rate retrieval in tropical convection. MCS (squall lines) for MT1MS for MT2 IC for MT2 13/08/201027/11/201108/12/2011 -Over West African Continent (Niamey/NIGER 08/2010), MT1. -All systems observed were Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCS). -Over Central Indian Ocean (Gan/MALDIVES, 11-12/2011), MT2. -2 types of systems : the first 2 weeks, systems with Mesoscale expansion (MS). the last 2 weeks, systems formed by Isolated Convection (IC ). Megha-Tropiques

4. SOP1 aircraft campaign HyMeX-SOP1, the field campaign dedicated to heavy precipitation and flash-flooding in Northwestern Mediterranean Heavy precipitation events: Balearic Islands (BA), Catalonia (CA) and Valencia (VA) regions in Spain, Cévennes-Vivarais (CV) and Corsica (CO) in France, Central Italy (CI), Liguria-Tuscany (LT) and North-Eastern Italy (NEI) in Italy. HYMEX 10.8µm infrared brightness temperature from MSG at 0730 UTC 26 October 2012.

5. Aircraft campaign performed out of Darwin for Aircraft Safety regulatory purposes (FAA, EASA) and scientific objectives Primary objective is to provide 99th percentile total water content statistics, as a function of distance scale, to industry and regulators Two types of convection for sampling : Oceanic convection (primary focus) Continental convection (secondary focus) HAIC (High Altitude Ice Crystals) Courtesy of HIWC

6. F20 aircraft (SAFIRE): Possibilities, limitations The flight crew consists of: – 2 SAFIRE pilots – 1 SAFIRE flight engineer (jump seat) – 1 SAFIRE operator – 3 engineers/scientists to operate scientific instrumentation and lead F20 mission F20 limitations: – 4 under wing pylons, limited fuselage hardpoints and electrical cabling – Available power for scientific instrumentation: 8.4 kVA

7. Measurement challenges in convective clouds Major requirements/challenges for instruments on F20: 1.A series of imaging instruments is needed to cover the range of expected cloud particle sizes from µm to mm ➔ Particle Size Distribution (PSD) 2.Deploy instruments for maximum bulk IWC measurements: ROBUST probe (actually combination probe with CDP), redesigned IKP 3.Instruments to measure very small cloud particle properties (<100μm, <50µm, if possible): CDP, CPSPD, CPI, … 4.Discriminate phase of cloud particles (populations): CPSPD, CPI, OAPs…. 5.Avoid possible small ice crystals contamination on spectrometer data: Anti-shattering tips, inter-arrival time measurement & post processing. 6. Retrieve microphysics beyond flight trajectory: remote sensing.

8. Crystal growth after ice nucleation Riming Aggregation Vapor diffusion CPI ( C loud P article I mager): data CNRS-LaMP Crystal growth in convective clouds dominated by 3 major growth mechanisms: -diffusion (  fct (RHI, T): mostly small ice particles, sometimes up to 400 µm -riming (existing crystals collect supercooled droplets) -aggregation (important for high crystal concentrations) have we understood these processes correctly? are we able to describe them in an appropriate way for atmospheric models ?

9. French Falcon 20 (SAFIRE) in Niamey (NIGER) Megha-Tropiques CPI Cloud particle imager RASTA (Cloud RADAR (94GHz)* FSSP-ER (cloud droplet PSD) PIP Precip. Imag. Probe 2DStereo 2D/3D imaging Instruments used within MT CIP Cloud. Imager. Probe 2010/2011

10. Bulk TWC and PSD from optical spectrometers IKP, ROBUST, 2mmLWC: TWC CDP: PSD smallest particles

11. PSD from particle images 1 mm 2D-S: Intermediate size particles (PSD < 1mm) 6 mm PIP: Largest particles PSD > 1mm

12. Combined PSD covering entire size range of hydrometeors

13. A series of instruments needed to cover the entire range of expected cloud particle sizes: µm to mm range for PSD of hydrometeors!! 10 0 1 2 3 4 -6 10 -4 10 -2 10 0 2 4 Deq(µm) #/L/µm Merging different instruments to retrieve total PSD PIP CIP 2DS PSD composition « Pristine » range fit (80 µm,250 µm) « Drizzle » range fit (250 µm,1500 µm) Precipitation range fit (1500 µm,5000 µm)

14. MT1 MT2 Measurements: Averaged PSD and radar reflectivity T [°C] Dmax [µm]

15. Comparing radar reflectivity from ground observations with in-situ microphysics MT1 (Niger, 2010), observed reflectivity range : 10 – 35 dBZ

16. Comparing radar reflectivity from ground observations with in-situ microphysics by co-localization of aircraft and radar pulse volume

17. Analyzing the microphysics behind reflectivity from ground observations 3 number distributions of solid hydrometeors ( 1 min averages) ➝ different in number IWC = 0.6 g m -3 IWC = 1.2 g m -3 IWC = 1.9 g m -3 ➝ different in mass but, in all 3 cases the surface radar gives the same reflectivity of 28-29 dBZ however, Cloud Radar reflectivity (94GHz) well distinguishes the microphysical differences of the 3 spectra

18. 2D images => density & m(D max ) ? Ice particle morphology from 2D images

19.  n(D max ) (PSD) Ice particle morphology from 2D images Area [cm²] Dmax [cm] #/L/µm Dmax [µm]

20. Calculation of the Mass-Diameter Relationship : PSD and reflectivity at 95GHz (RASTA) measured. β is calculated with  from A(D) relationship: => α is calculated while matching simulated and measured 94GHz reflectivity (Tmatrix calculations for oblate particle with a flattening of 0.8). Here: Results for MT1 α β α vs β vs Temperature Area-diameter and mass-diameter relations

21. Calculation of the IWC (CWC) Comparison of IWC retrievals: - Matching measured with simulated reflectivities via T-matrix - Baker & Lawson* method Retrieved IWC: various approaches *Baker, Brad, and R. Paul Lawson. “Improvement in Determination of Ice Water Content from Two-Dimensional Particle Imagery. Part I: Image-to-Mass Relationships.” Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 45, no. 9 (September 2006): 1282–1290. Lawson, R. Paul, and Brad A. Baker. “Improvement in Determination of Ice Water Content from Two-Dimensional Particle Imagery. Part II: Applications to Collected Data.” Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 45, no. 9 (September 2006): 1291–1303.

22. Calculation of the IWC (CWC) from T-matrix compared with IKP reference bulk IWC Retrieved IWC: various approaches