1. Lecture #2 - August 27, 2008 Reading for Today: pgs. 10-14, 151-157,197-204 1. A few more phylogenetic terms. 2. Building a tree a. synapomorphies & homologies b. swapping branches 3. Defining Characters of Cepahlochordates, Myxiniformes, Petromyzontiformes, & Gnathostomata - notochord, cranium, 3-part brain, nephrons, lateral line, unpaired fins, paired fins, vertebrae, jaws, gill pouches 4. Details on hagfish 5. Details on lampreys 6. (time permitting) details on jawless fossil fishes

2. Jawless Fishes

3. Homology - Possession by two or more species of a trait derived, with or without modification, from their common ancestor TurtleHumanHorse BirdBat Seal Phalanges Humerus Radius and ulna Carpals Metacarpals

4. taxa# eyes# heads# toes# fingers# stomachs# fins A111121 B110111 C111111 D010111 E000011 Group Exercise - make a tree from these data, assume that taxa E is the outgroup. Also assume that all characters are informative.

5. Notochord on Cephalochordate (Amphioxus)

6. Cephalochordata important point in this picture is there is no brain and no cranium. The nerve cord just ends. Compare to picture of hagfish & lamprey.

7. hagfish

8. lamprey

9. Gills: Agnatha lamprey hagfish 7 gill pouches 5-16 gill pouches

10. look at different types of fins - anal, caudal, dorsal pectoral, pelvic

11. lamprey - only has dorsal and caudal fin

12. Lateral line in fishes A system of mechanoreptors that detect water movement or pressure change near fish’s body Neuromasts - made up of individual hair cells

13. Living Representatives of Ancient Fishes Phylum Chordata –Subphylum Vertebrata Superclass Agnatha –Class Myxini »Order Myxiniformes hagfishes (43 sp., marine) –Class Cephalaspidomorphi »Order Petromyzontiformes lampreys (41 sp., freshw. & anadromous)

14. Hagfish Distribution

15. Pacific Hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii)

16. Inshore Hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri)

17. Pacific Hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii)

18. Inshore Hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri)

19. Eelskin - “silk of the Ocean” - made from skin of hagfish

20. Petromyzontiformes – Lampreys (Lampetra fluviatilis)

21. Lamprey Distribution

22. Eggs hatch in 12-14 days Ammocoete stage Parasitic Lamprey life cycle

23. Eggs hatch in 12-14 days Ammocoete stage Free living species metamorph into adults and immediately return to spawning site to mate and then die Nonparasitic Lamprey life cycle

24. Chestnut Lamprey (Ichthyomyzon castaneus)

25. New Zealand Lamprey (Geotria australis)

26. European Brook Lamprey (Lampetra planeri)

28. American Brook Lamprey (Lampetra appendix)

29. Sea Lamprey, Petromyzon marinus Anadromous species native to both sides of the North Atlantic Large parasitic species (up to 3’), can kill up to 40 lbs. of prey in lifetime Classic example of the deleterious effects of an exotic species initiated by man-made habitat alterations But also one of the few examples of successful control of exotic species

30. Sea Lamprey, Petromyzon marinus First reported in 1890 but may be native

31. Sea Lamprey, Petromyzon marinus First reported in 1890 but may be native Niagara Falls served as barrier to dispersal

32. Welland Canal was built to allow ships to get around Niagara Falls

33. Sea Lamprey, Petromyzon marinus First reported in 1890 but may be native Niagara Falls served as barrier to dispersal 1921 1936 1946

34. Sea Lamprey, Petromyzon marinus

35. Control measures Physical barriers to spawning streams Releasing sterilized males Application of a lampricide (TFM) - poured into streams known to harbor ammocoetes, specific to ammocoetes

36. lamprey video1 lamprey video2 funny lamprey video

37. Ostracoderm from Ordovician (450 MYA)

38. Ostracoderms paraphyletic group (actually two groups) Appeared in Cambrian/Ordovician, extinct in Devonian No jaws The first vertebrates- cartilaginous internal skeleton Bony exoskeleton armor-1st true bone (dermal) First ones were small (< 15 cm) No paired fins, some with reverse hypocercal tail Bottom dwellers Lots of Diverse forms

39. ?

40. Review Questions 1. Give the character states for notochord, cranium, 3-part brain, vertebrae,nephrons, gills/gill pouch, semi-circular canals, lateral line, jaws, paired fins,and unpaired fins for Cephalochordates, Myxiniformes, Petromyzontiformes,and Gnathostomata. Draw the phylogenetic tree and show the nodes of the tree where each character is informative. Be able to draw the same tree, but in multiple forms (i.e. rotate the branches). Be able to briefly describe each trait. 2. What evidence is there to suggest that lampreys are closely related to Cephalaspidiformes? (i.e. have you read pages 153-157) 3. Who were the conodonts and what is their significance in the evolution of fishes? List 2 or 3 things. (see Box 11.1) Note: a possible paper topic is listed on pages 156-157 on “Later Evolution of Primitive Agnathous Fishes”. 4. Why is the placement of hagfish in vertebrates a controversy? Do you consider hagfish to be a “fish”? 5. Where do hagfish live and what are the abiotic conditions under which they are found?

41. Review Questions (Cont’d.) 6. Describe the life-cycle of lampreys. How does this differ between parasitic and non-parasitic species? 7. Some folks have hypothesized that non-parasitic species have repeatedly evolved from parasitic species. What is the evidence for this? Assuming that this is true, draw the phylogenetic tree that this pattern would produce? 8. Compare and contrast Myxiniformes and Petromyzontiformes. Describe their habitats, distribution, heart(s), vision, pineal gland, gill pouches, vertebrae (or lack there of), and guts. 9. What is the purpose of hagfish slime? List 3-4 ideas. 10. Describe the sequence of events that happened upon the construction of the Welland Canal. Why did the construction of this canal decimate Lake Trout and Whitefish populations in Lake Michigan? What is being done to counteract this? How do the conservation efforts specifically target lampreys? What effect do you think that this might have on non-parasitic lampreys? 11. Describe the hagfish fishery that has developed in recent years. 12. Who were the Ostracaderms? In what ways were they different and in what ways were they similar to hagfish and lampreys? Who was Mayomyzon?