10-22 Learning Target I can describe how the Persian Wars caused the Peloponnesian Wars and describe each war.

AthensSparta Population / Location Government Social Structure Allies/Military Lifestyle/Values Education Role of Women Cultural Achievement Food

Population Athens By 432 B.C. largest city- state 150,000 Athenians 50,000 non-citizens and 100,000 slaves Sparta 8,000 adult males Over 100,000 slaves and semi-enslaved people

Government Athens Direct democracy Elected officials including 10 generals, magistrates Council of 500: administer decision made by Assembly Assembly: all male citizens; passed laws Trial by jury Sparta Oligarchy: rule by few Combination of different forms of gov. Two kings: led army 5 Overseers: ran day-to-day operations of Sparta; had veto power Senate: 28 men over 60; elected for life; acted as judges; proposed legislation Assembly: all Spartan males

Social Structure Athens Freemen: all male citizens Upper: Aristocrats Land owners Naval captains and military leaders Middle: small farmers Lower: craftsman Metics: foreigners Slaves: treated less harshly than other Greek city-states Sparta Spartiates: Land owning military professionals Perioeci: foreigners who were craftsman, artisans Helots: serfs (farmers) who worked on the Spartiates land Gave 1/2 of all their produce to Spartiates / military

Social structure ATHENS FREEMEN ARISTOCRATS SMALL FARMERS URBAN CRAFTSMEN & TRIREME ROWERS METICS – CAME FROM OUTSIDE ATHENS; NOT ALLOWED TO OWN LAND SLAVES – LOWEST CLASS, NO RIGHTS, PROPERTY OF MASTERS SPARTA SPARTIATES – MILITARY PROFESSIONALS/ CITIZENS OUTSIDERS – FREEMEN; ARTISANS, CRAFTSMEN, MERCHANTS HELOTS – CONQUERED PEOPLES; TREATED LIKE SLAVES; OWED 50% OF PRODUCE TO SPARTIATES

Allies/Military Athens Delian League: collection of city-states that pledged loyalty to Athens Athens taxed them for protection Athens had very strong navy Sparta Peloponnesian League: Superior army on land Entire culture was focused on the art of war

MILITARY The Spartan warrior was the most feared soldier in Greece The Athenian trireme allowed the navy to protect the Athenian way of life

Lifestyle / Values Athens Democratic values Participation in government a civic responsibility Many religious holidays Theatre / sporting events Trading empire brought contact with many other cultures Sparta Militaristic values Citizens were not permitted to own luxuries Children were taught to respect elderly, women, and warriors

Education Athens Schools taught reading, writing and mathematics, music, poetry, sport and gymnastics Ages 5-14 (wealthy went until 18) Academies were set up to study philosophy, rhetoric, and ethics Girls were taught homemaking skills Sparta Boys: at age 7 they were taken from their parents and taught the art of war Had to steal to survive At age 20 they entered the military At age 20 they were able to marry Girls: at age 7 they were reading and writing, gymnastics, athletics and survival skills

EDUCATION Athens No formal education for girls Boys learned rhetoric, mathematics, reading writing, poetry, music, gymnastics Sparta Military school at age 7 for boys Lived in barracks and stole to survive Girls learned athletics

Role of Women Athens Women were kept at home Could not participate in athletics Some women held high posts at religious ceremonies Sparta Girls were educated Could participate in sports Goal was to produce healthy babies Married at 18 Enjoyed a great deal of freedom Could own and control their property Expected to protect land while husband was at war

Women’s roles Athenian: sequestered in the home not educated responsible for handicrafts and textiles Spartan: Controlled home and land when husbands were fighting “Come back with your shield, or on it.”

Food Athens Enjoyed food from all over the empire Trade brought goods from all over the Mediterranean region Sparta Spartan Broth: pork, blood, salt, vinegar Trained to dislike luxuries and fancy food Men lived separate from wives for much of the time

Cultural Achievement Athens Art Sculptures Pottery Architecture Drama Literature Philosophy Science Medicine Mathematics Democracy Sparta Military supremacy Simple lifestyle “ideal” community

Athenian legacy – Philosophy, architecture, drama, art

Athens – birthplace of democracy Adult male citizens directly participated in affairs of the state Trial by a jury selected by lot Ostracism – people could be banished from Athens by vote Council of 500, the Assembly

Discussion If you were a young teenage girl of the citizen class, in which city-state would you rather live? Why? If you were a slave, in which would you rather live? Why? If you were a boy of the citizen class, in which would you rather live? Why? If you were a young soldier, in which would you rather live? Why? If you were a very wealthy person of the citizen class, in which would you rather live? Why?

THE PERSIAN WAR

The Persians and the Greeks In 519 B.C., the Persians conquered a group of people called the Ionian Greeks who lived in Asia Minor. The Ionian Greeks asked the mainland Greeks for help. The Greeks did help and the Persian king was furious.

The Persians invaded the Greeks.

The Persian Wars The Persian army outnumbered the Athenian army. However, the smaller Greek ships could move easily in the water. The Greek ships destroyed the Persian ships. Many Greek city-states also united to defeat the Persians.

Look at the map! Can you see why the smaller Greek ships had an advantage?

The Alliance After the Persian Wars, the Greek city-states united. Each city-state agreed to give money or ships to be used to defend all of them. Athens led the alliance. The alliance was called the Delian League. However, Athens used the alliance money to rebuild Athens.

The Peloponnesian War Athens betrayed the trust of the alliance. The other Greek city-states declared war on Athens. This war was called the Peloponnesian War.

Summation of Wars The Persian Wars strengthened the Greek city-states. However, the Peloponnesian War weakened the Greek city-states. Sparta led the alliance against Athens.

The Spartans were skilled soldiers.

War strengthened the Greeks and war weakened the Greeks.

Questions for Reflection: Why did the Persians invade Greece? Why did the Persian Wars strengthen the Greeks? Define the Delian League. Why did the Peloponnesian War begin? Why did the Peloponnesian War weaken the Greeks?