Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis Stephen Perz, Marcellus Caldas, Robert Walker, Carlos Souza Jr.

► Introduction  Roads help define the spatial geometry of forest fragmentation  There is substantial research on the ecological consequences of forest fragmentation  Species diversity, seedling recruitment, biomass, carbon, etc. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

► Introduction  Less attention has gone to roads as determinants of the spatial geometry of fragmentation  We need to better understand the socio-spatial processes behind road networks with different “spatial architectures”  Road-building has distinct histories in different parts of the Amazon Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

► Introduction  This presentation analyzes two road networks in the Amazon with distinct spatial architectures  We focus on the cases of Uruará PA, and Sinop, MT Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

► Uruará, PA  Transamazon highway with linear settlement roads  The classic “fishbone” pattern of forest fragmentation ► Many small clearings forming irregularly-shaped fragments Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

Spatial pattern of defn by roads?

► Sinop, MT  BR-163 with secondary roads ► Rectilinear road architecture, differs from the “fishbone”  Large square clearings alongside large square blocks of forest Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

► The need for explanation  Why the differences in road network architecture and the spatial geometry of forest fragmentation? Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

► The need for explanation  Comparative analysis of the two sites:  Similarities and especially contrasts  Biophysical features  Initial conditions  Subsequent change dynamics Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

► Similarities  Both Uruará and Sinop… Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

► Similarities  Both Uruará and Sinop…  1. Were established via construction of federal highways ► Transamazon (BR-230) and Cuiabá-Santarem (BR-163) Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

BR-163, Cuiabá-Santarém BR-230, Transamazônica

► Similarities  Both Uruará and Sinop…  2. Exhibited subsequent forest clearing ► Crop cultivation, pasture formation, urban growth Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

Uruará Sinop

► Similarities  Both Uruará and Sinop…  3. Exhibited secondary road extensions after construction of federal highways ► Settlement roads, logging roads, etc. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

► Contrasts – Biophysical features Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

► Contrasts – Biophysical features  1. Topography ► Uruará is relatively hilly ► Sinop is largely flat Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

Uruará Sinop

► Contrasts – Biophysical features  2. Proximity to major markets ► Uruará is farther north and relatively isolated ► Sinop is closer to the Brazilian center-south Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

Transport costs ($/ton) to São Paulo, 1995 Uruará Sinop São Paulo Fonte: Eustaquio Reis, IPEA

► Contrasts – Initial conditions Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

► Contrasts – Initial conditions ► 1. Motive for colonization  Uruará – agrarian reform for state legitimacy under military dictatorship  Sinop – facilitate land investment by private interests Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

► Contrasts – Initial conditions ► 2. Type of colonization  Uruará – state-directed; INCRA  Sinop – led by private firms; Colonizadora SINOP (Sociedade Imobiliaria do Noroeste do Paraná) Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

► Contrasts – Initial conditions ► 3. Process of defining the secondary road network  Uruará – pre-planned by INCRA in Brasília  Sinop – pre-planned in and near urban areas; emerged spontaneously elsewhere Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

► Contrasts – Initial conditions ► 4. Design of secondary road network architecture  Uruará – feeder roads in 5-km intervals for smallholder colonization, access to main highway  Sinop – Far from towns, roads ran between large landholdings ► Near towns, roads paralleled rivers to avoid bridges and ensure access to water Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

► Contrasts – Initial conditions ► 5. Federal highway construction and initial land acquisition  Uruará – Transamazon built around 1970, then colonists arrived and chose lots during the 1970s  Sinop – Lots and glebas sold during the 1960s, then the state built BR-163 in the 1970s Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

► Contrasts – Initial conditions ► 6. Property size distribution  Uruará – standard lot size of 100 ha ► A few glebas ha  Sinop – many glebas up to 9990 ha ► Also lots ha; peri-urban chácaras ha Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

Fonte: IBGE, Censo Agropecuário 1995/96.

► Contrasts – Subsequent change dynamics Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

► Contrasts – Subsequent change dynamics ► 1. In-migrant groups  Uruará – landless families, especially from the northeast; a few capitalized interest groups  Sinop – many capitalized interests, especially from the south; rural poor as well Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

► Contrasts – Subsequent change dynamics ► 2. Reasons for expansion of secondary roads  Uruará – excess demand for land; informal colonization beyond feeder roads, pressure on INCRA to extend roads Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

Uruará: First, a footpath… Later, a secondary road

► Contrasts – Subsequent change dynamics ► 3. Reasons for expansion of secondary roads  Uruará – excess demand for land; informal colonization beyond feeder roads, pressure on INCRA to extend roads  Sinop – private investment; roads to reach glebas, timber Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

Sinop: Logging Road Farm road

► Contrasts – Subsequent change dynamics ► 4. Logging economy  Uruará – relatively small; about 20 sawmills, small and medium  Sinop – emerged earlier, relatively large; about 260 sawmills; specialized; small to very large; exports Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

Sinop

► Contrasts – Subsequent change dynamics ► 5. Agroindustry  Uruará – not important yet, 1 small grain silo ► Beginning to emerge due to Cargill port in Santarém  Sinop – very important, many large grain silos ► Flat topography, market proximity, large properties, capital ► Mechanized cultivation, heavy use of inputs, large fields ► Soy, corn, rice, sorghum, etc. Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

Uruará Santarém Sinop

Fonte: IBGE, Censo Agropecuário 1995/96.

► Contrasts – Subsequent change dynamics ► 6. Capital accumulation  Uruará – variable among colonists due to price fluctuations for perennial crops  Sinop – substantial among large timber processing firms and landowners with agroindustrial activities Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

Fonte: IBGE, Censo Agropecuário 1995/96.

Uruará Sinop

► Contrasts – Subsequent change dynamics ► 7. Size of areas cleared  Uruará – many small areas due to 100-ha lots; many patches  Sinop – many large areas due to glebas, agroindustry Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

Uruará Sinop

► An Interpretation ► Uruará – fishbone road architecture and fragmentation geometry  Due to state design for small-scale colonization, sustained by remote location and crop price fluctuations, limited in-migration of capital and capital accumulation Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

► An Interpretation ► Uruará – fishbone road architecture and fragmentation geometry  Due to state design for small-scale colonization, sustained by remote location and crop price fluctuations, limited in-migration of capital and capital accumulation ► Sinop – rectilinear road architecture and fragmentation geometry  Due to numerous large glebas, large-scale timber economy, in-migration of capital, agroindustry facilitated by flat topography, capital accumulation Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

► Conclusions Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

► Conclusions ► Biophysical and socioeconomic factors are both important  E.g., topography as well as property size Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

► Conclusions ► Biophysical and socioeconomic factors are both important  E.g., topography as well as property size ► Initial conditions are especially important  E.g., colonization goals, secondary road network design Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

► Conclusions ► Biophysical and socioeconomic factors are both important  E.g., topography as well as property size ► Initial conditions are especially important  E.g., colonization goals, secondary road network design ► Subsequent dynamics reinforce (but could alter) initial conditions  E.g., informal colonization, agroindustry Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis

Heterogeneity in Road-building Processes & Road Network Architecture: A Comparative Analysis Stephen Perz Marcellus Caldas

Fonte: IBGE, Censo Demográfico 1991.