Underlying Representations (Cole and Hualde) Phonology assumes words are made of phonemes If you can't always be sure what phonemes make it up, that's a problem for phonology

Problems identifying phonemes How many phonemes in purr? [p h ə ɹ ] [p h ɹ̦ ] How many in too? [t h u] [t h u:] [t h u ʊ ] [t h u w ]

Problems identifying phonemes Neutralization Two phonemes have same allophone /m/ has [m] (many) /n/ has [m] (i[m] Peru) /t/ has [ ɾ ] (latter, liter) /d/ has [ ɾ ] (ladder, leader) Structuralists put a new kind of phone in these cases—the archiphoneme i/N/ Paris la/T/er

Problems identifying phonemes Japanese [sa, so, su] but not [se, si] only [ ʃ e, ʃ i] Simple phonemic analysis: two phonemes /s/ / ʃ / /sa, so, su, ʃ e, ʃ i/ [sa] constrasts with [ ʃ a] [so] constrasts with [ ʃ o] [su] constrasts with [ ʃ u] no contrast with *[si] and [ ʃ i] no contrast with *[se] and [ ʃ e]

Problems identifying phonemes Japanese [sa, so, su] but not [se, si] only [ ʃ e, ʃ i] Prague school, archiphonemic analysis: One phonemes /s/, one archiphoneme /S/ /sa, so, su, Se, Si/ [sa] constrasts with [ ʃ a] [so] constrasts with [ ʃ o] [su] constrasts with [ ʃ u] [ ʃ i] and [ ʃ e] are /Si/ /Se/

Problems identifying phonemes Japanese [sa, so, su] but not [se, si] only [ ʃ e, ʃ i] Abstract generative analysis one phoneme /s/ and [ ʃ ] is derived by rule /sa, sje, sji, so, su/ s > ʃ / ___ j j > Ø

Problems identifying phonemes Abstract generative analysis of Basque In Basque [ ɲ ] alternates with [n] [min] pain [mi ɲ a] the pain [sajn] vein [sa ɲ a] the vein Rule 1: /n/ > ɲ / i, j ___ V Rule 2: j > Ø / ___ ɲ

Problems identifying phonemes /min/ /sajn/ Rule 1: /n/ > ɲ / i, j ___ V [mi ɲ a] [saj ɲ a] Rule 2: j > Ø / ___ ɲ n/a[sa ɲ a] This was a historical process. Does it still exist in speaker's heads? What about words with no alternation? [i ɲ or] 'anybody

Problems identifying phonemes If goal is to have smallest phoneme inventory wa can eliminate / ɲ / and derive it from /in/ or /jn/ Rule 1: /n/ > ɲ / i, j ___ V /inor/ > [i ɲ or] Rule 2: j > Ø / ___ ɲ n/a

Problems identifying phonemes If goal is to have smallest phoneme inventory wa can eliminate / ɲ / and derive it from /in/ or /jn/ Rule 1: /n/ > ɲ / i, j ___ V /inor/ > [i ɲ or] Rule 2: j > Ø / ___ ɲ n/a

Morphophonology Allophony involves alternations between different allophones of same phoneme Morphophonology involves alternations between different phonemes

Morphophonology Simple phonemic analysis two levels: phonemic and phonetic Phonemic (UR):cat/s/, dog/z/ bush/ ɨ z/ Phonetic (surface)cat[s],dog[s], bush[ ɨ z]

Morphophonology Prague school archiphonemic analysis two levels: phonemic and phonetic Phonemic (UR):cat/Z/, dog/Z/ bush/ ɨ z/ Phonetic (surface)cat[s],dog[s], bush[ ɨ z]

Morphophonology Generative abstract analysis two levels: morphophonemic and phonetic Morphophonemic (UR): cat/z/, dog/z/ bush/z/ (invariant underlying morpheme) Phonetic (surface)cat[s],dog[s], bush[ ɨ z]

Generative ideals smallest vocabulary smallest phonemic inventory simplest analysis is “correct” UR doesn't have to be identical to a surface form Rule that applies to the most form wins' No constraints on abstraction one invariante underlying morpheme assumed

Problems with generativism What is invariant underlying morpheme? /z/, /s/, / ɨ z/ Invariant morpheme forces abstraction e.g. sane ~ sanity must have /s?n/ so /se:n/ + ity and /se:n/ How could kids learn this? How far do you take it? keep/kept, take/took, gene/genealogy go/went