PHYSICS Introduction

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Mass  The measure of a body’s inertia m M

Inertia  The resistance to any change in a body’s motion. m M

Weight  The amount of gravitational force acting on a body.

Force  A push or pull on a body f N F W

FORCESTRENGTHRANGEGRAVITATIONWEAK VERY LONG ELECTRO- MAGNETIC INTERMEDIATEINTERMEDIATE WEAKNUCLEARSTRONGSHORT STRONG NUCLEAR VERY STRONG VERY SHORT

ENERGY  THE CAPACITY TO DO MECHANICAL WORK

KINETIC ENERGY  THE ENERGY A BODY HAS DUE TO ITS MOTION

POTENTIAL ENERGY  THE ENERGY A BODY HAS DUE TO ITS POSITION OR CONFIGURATION

THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY  THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF ENERGY IN A CLOSED SYSTEM IS CONSTANT. Σ E i = Σ E f

FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES BASIC MEASUREMENTS FROM WHICH ALL OTHERS ARE DERIVED. Mass [M] Electric Charge [Q] Length [L] Luminous Intensity [I] Time [T] Temperature [t 0 ] Amount of substance [N]

DERIVED QUANTITIES Speed [L] / [T] Acceleration [L] / [T] 2 Area [L] 2 Volume [L] 3 Density [M] / [L] 3 Force [M][L] / [T] 2

SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT ARE DEFINED BY THE UNITS USED SystemQuantityFPSMKS(SI)CGS Length Foot (ft) Meter (m) Centimeter (cm) MassSlug-derived- Kilogram (kg) Gram (g) Time Second (s) Force Pound (lb) Newton (N) -derived-Dyne-derived-

METRIC PREFIXES Giga (G) 10 9 Deci (d) Mega (M) 10 6 Centi (c) Kilo (K) 10 3 Milli (m) Hecto (H) 10 2 Micro (μ) Deka (Da) 10 1 Nano (n) {basic unit} 10 0 Pico (p)

DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS IN CONVERSIONS{_______} 6.0 ft = _____ in 6.0 ft ( ) = 72 in 12 in 1 ft 4.2 oz = _____ lb 4.2 oz ( ) = 0.26 lb 1 lb _ 16 oz Numerator equals denominator

MORE D. A. 6.0 min = _____hr 6.0 min ( ) = 0.10 hr 1 hr 60 min 7.0 days = _____ s 7.0 days ( ) ( ) ( )= 604,800 s 24 hr 1 day 60 min 1 hr 60 s 1 min

TRY THESE CONVERSIONS 1 mile = _____in 12 ft 2 = ______in in 3 = ______ft 3 25 mile/hr = _____ft/s

METRIC CONVERSIONS 15 m = _____cm 230,000,000 μg =_____g 25 m 2 = _____km 2 11 g/cm 3 = _____kg/m 3

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES Significant figures are those digits in a measurement that are known with certainty PLUS the first digit that is uncertain (estimated). Significant figures are those digits in a measurement that are known with certainty PLUS the first digit that is uncertain (estimated). I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I The digits 23.6 are known for certain --- the next digit is estimated to be record your measurement as 23.63

More Measurements I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Mathematical Operations with Sig Figs ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION The place holder of your last significant digit is determined by your least precise measurement. The least precise measurement will have its last significant digit furthest to the left mg + 20,279 mg mg = 22,781 mg

Mathematical Operations with Sig Figs Multiplication and Division That measurement having the fewest number of significant figures determines the number of significant figures in the answer. 20,400 ft/s X 2.0 s = 41,000 ft 2,500,000 g cm 3 =5000 g/cm 3

ROUNDING If the number following the last significant digit is greater than 5, round up rounds to rounds to If the number following the last significant digit is less than 5, round down rounds to (note that it is more than half-way between 2 and 3)

ROUNDING If the number following the last significant digit is exactly 5, round so that the last significant figure is even rounds to rounds to This method prevents experimental results from being skewed up or down.

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION Format :M X 10 n M is a decimal number having a single non-zero digit to the left of the decimal. n is the integer exponent on the 10. {NOTE : M only contains the significant digits} NOTE : Positive n a value > 1 Negative n a value < 1 {}

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION EXAMPLES 570,300,000 cm = X 10 8 cm g = 2.05 X g ( see more practice on page 20 of your text )

Adding/subtracting using Sci Not (1) Convert all numbers to make exponents all agree with the largest. (if needed) (2) Add/subtract the coefficients normally. (3) Convert back to scientific notation. (if needed)

Multiplying/dividing using Sci Not (a) Mult/div coefficients normally. (b) ADD exponents if multiplying. SUBTRACT exponents if dividing. (c) Convert back to scientific notation. (if needed)

Practice Problems 5.36 X10 -1 kg X10 -2 kg 5.36 X10 -1 kg X10 -1 kg X10 -1 kg4.62 _3.0 X10 5 g___ 9.0 X10 -2 cm 3 = X X g cm X 10 7 _g_ cm 3 _g_ cm 3 = 3.3 x 10 6

GRAPHS Line graphs – used to show the relationship between two quantities when there is a mathematical relationship between them. Direct proportion → straight line Inverse proportion → hyperbolaQuadratic relationship → parabola

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