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Η έννοια της σύγκρισης πανεπιστημίων Άρχισε κατά τον Μεσαίωνα Ο ανταγωνισμός για φοιτητές και χρηματοδότηση έφερε τη σύγκριση Αλλά δεν υπήρχε κατάταξη όπως τη ξέρουμε σήμερα 2OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

3 University of Modena, Modena, Ιταλία, 1175 University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Αγγλία, γύρω στο 1208 Salamanca University, Salamanca, Ισπανία, 1218 University of Padua, Padua, Ιταλία, 1222 University of Naples, Naples, Ιταλία, 1224 University of Siena, Siena, Ιταλία, 1240 University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Πορτογαλία, 1290 στη Λισαβόνα Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Μαδρίτη, 1293 OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

4 University of Rome La Sapienza, Ρώμη, Ιταλία, 1303 University of Pisa, Pisa, Ιταλία, 1343 University of Prague, Prague, Czech Republic, 1348 University of Pavia, Pavia, Ιταλία, 1361 Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland, 1364 University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, 1365 University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary, 1367 Ruprecht Karls University of Heidelberg, Γερμανία, 1386 University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Ιταλία, 1391 University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Γερμανία, 1409 St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, Σκωτία, 1412 University of Rostock, Rostock, Γερμανία, 1419 OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

Παλαιότερα πανεπιστήμια ανά περιοχή 5 Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo, in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic το παλαιότερο στην Αμερική, 1538 University of Leiden, το παλαιότερο στην Ολανδία, 1575 University of Santo Tomas, στις Φιλιππίνες, 1611 Harvard University στις Η.Π.Α., 1636 Ivan Franko National University of L'viv στην Ουκρανία, 1661 Université Laval στον Καναδά 1663 University of Oslo στη Νορβηγία 1811 OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

6 Serampore College το παλαιότερο στην Ασια για θεολογικές σπουδές, 1818 University of Sydney το παλαιότερο στην Αυστραλία, 1850 University of Calcutta στη Νότια Ασία, 1857 University of Otago το παλαιότερο στη Νέα Ζηλανδία 1863 University of Tokyo το παλαιότερο στην Ιαπωνία 1877 OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

University of Bologna 1096 University of Oxford 1150 University of Paris OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

8 Το Εθνικό και Καποδιστριακό Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών, το οποίο συνήθως αναφέρεται απλά ως Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών, αποτελεί λειτουργεί αδιαλείπτως από την ίδρυσή του στις 3 Μαΐου Σήμερα είναι το δεύτερο μεγαλύτερο Πανεπιστήμιο της Ελλάδας σε αριθμό φοιτητών (μετά το Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλονίκης), με περισσότερους από προπτυχιακούς φοιτητές. Το 2009 κατατάχθηκε στην 177η θέση των 200 καλύτερων πανεπιστημίων στο κόσμο (2008: 200η), σύμφωνα με τον δείκτη του περιοδικού Times Higher Education, ενώ ο δείκτης Academic Ranking of World Universities το κατατάσσει στις θέσεις για το 2008

Κατάταξη πανεπιστημίων Σχετικά νέα (ξεκίνησε το 2002) Times Higher Education-QS Ranking Academic Ranking of World Universities Webometrics Ranking Professional Ranking of World Universities Newsweek Ranking Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities 9OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

Ευρώπη Germany (B&C, C), Italy (C), Netherlands (A), Portugal (C), Spain (B, C, IC), Sweden (C), Switzerland (B&C), United Kingdom (A, B, IC) Eastern Europe and Kazakhstan (A, B), Poland (C), Slovakia (B), Romania (B&C) Ασία Russia (B), Ukraine (B&C) Asia and Pacific Australia (B), China (B, C, IB), Hong Kong (C), India (C&D), Japan (B, C), Korea (A), Malaysia (A), Pakistan (A), New Zealand (A), Thailand (A). Taiwan (IA, B) Λατινική Αμερική Argentina (D), Brazil (A), Chile (C, D), Mexico (B), Peru (B) Αφρική Nigeria (A), Tunisia (A) Βόρειος Αμερική Canada (B, C, B&C), United States (C, IC) Key: A= government agency; B= independent organization/university C=newspaper/magazine/media; D= accrediting agency; I = international ranking Source: Updated version of table 2 in J. Salmi and A. Saroyan (2007) 10

Times Higher Education-QS World Ranking of Universities Times Higher Education (THE) σε συνεργασία με την Quacquarelli Symonds δημοσιοποιεί από το 2002, τη λίστα των καλύτερων 500 πανεπιστημίων στον κόσμο. OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP1106/03/2016

Δείκτες για το THE-QS World Ranking of Universities ΔείκτηςΕξήγησηΒαρύτητα Πανεπιστημιακοί Από απόψεις πανεπιστημιακών (6.354 απόψεις για το έτος 2008). 40% Εργαζόμενοι Απόψεις εργαζομένων στα πανεπιστήμια (2.339 γνώμες για το 2008). 10% Λόγος φοιτητών προς μέλη ΔΕΠ Score based on student faculty ratio20% Ξένα μέλη ΔΕΠΤο ποσοστό των ξένων καθηγητών20% Ξένοι φοιτητέςΤο ποσοστό των ξένων φοιτητών5% Ετεροαναφορές για κάθε μέλος ΔΕΠ Συνολικά για όλα τα μέλη ΔΕΠ του πανεπιστημίου 5% 12

Academic Ranking of World Universities Began June 2003 Compiled by Shanghai Jiao Tong University’s Institute of Higher Education Indicators Alumni and staff winning Nobel Prizes and Fields Medals Highly Cited Researchers in twenty-one broad subject categories Articles published in Nature and Science, articles indexed in Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCIE) and Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) Academic performance with respect to the size of an institution 13OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

14 Selection of Universities  Any university that has any Nobel Laureates, Fields Medals, Highly Cited Researchers, or papers published in Nature or Science.  Major universities of every country with significant amount of papers indexed by Thomson.  Number of universities scanned: >2000  Number of universities actually ranked: >1000  Number of ranked universities on our web: 500 OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

15 Ranking Criteria and Weights OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

16 Definition of Indicator: Alumni  The total number of the alumni of an institution winning Nobel Prizes and Fields Medals.  Alumni are defined as those who obtain bachelor, Master’s or doctoral degrees from the institution.  Different weights are set according to the periods of obtaining degrees. The weight is 100% for alumni of , 90% for alumni of , 80% for alumni of , and so on.  If a person obtains more than one degrees from an institution, the institution is considered once only. OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

17 Definition of Indicator: Award  The total number of the staff of an institution winning Nobel prizes in physics, chemistry, medicine and economics and Fields Medal in Mathematics.  Staff is defined as those who work at an institution at the time of winning the prize.  Different weights are set according to the periods of winning the prizes. The weight is 100% for winners since 2001, 90% for winners in , 80% for winners in , 70% for winners in , and so on.  If a winner is affiliated with more than one institution, each institution is assigned the reciprocal of the number of institutions.  For Nobel prizes, if a prize is shared by more than one person, weights are set for winners according to their proportion of prize. OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

18 Definition of Indicator: HiCi  The number of highly cited researchers in 21 broad subject categories in life sciences, medicine, physical sciences, engineering and social sciences.  The definition of categories and detailed procedures can be found at the website of Institute of Scientific Information.  The total number of HiCi is about 5000, about 4000 of which is university staff. OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

19 Definition of Indicator: N&S  The annual average number of articles published in Nature and Science in the past five years.  To distinguish the order of author affiliation, a weight of 100% is assigned for corresponding author, 50% for first author (second author if the first author is the same as corresponding author), 25% for the next author, and 10% for other authors.  Only publications of article type are considered. OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

20 Definition of Indicator: PUB  Total number of articles indexed in Science Citation Index-expanded (SCIE) and Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) in the past year.  A weight of 2 is assigned to articles indexed in SSCI to compensate the bias against humanities and social sciences.  Only publications of article type are considered. OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

21 Definition of Indicator: PCP  The sub-total scores of the above five indicators divided by the number of full-time equivalent academic staff.  If the number of academic staff for institutions of a country cannot be obtained, the total scores of the above five indicators is used.  For ranking 2005, the number of full-time equivalent academic staff is obtained for institutions in USA, China, Australia, Italy, Netherlands, Sweden, and Belgium etc. OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

22 Main Sources of Data  Nobel laureates:  Fields Medals:  Highly-cited researchers:  Articles published in Nature and Science:  Articles indexed in SCIE and SSCI: OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

23 Results of ARWU  Top 500 universities in the world Top 100 universities in North and Latin America Top 100 universities in Asia/Oceania Top 100 universities in Europe Statistics of top universities by region and country Percentage distribution of top universities by country as compared with the share of global population and GDP OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

Webometrics Ranking 24OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

25 Importance of Web Presence The new Academic global market Increased mobility of professors and alumni International competition for human resources and funding Getting prestige and visibility in the digital world Web is the best showcase for Universities All missions covered: teaching+research+transfer Intangibles and the web contents Freedom of teaching Self-organisation and maturity Access to resources Scholarly (formal and informal) communication Universal target groups Colleagues all over the world Prospective students worldwide Economic interested stakeholders General (huge) audiences Richer and diversified contents at cheaper costs OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

26 Webometrics Ranking Model IMPACTACTIVITY VISIBILITY USAGE PAGES PAPERS DOCUMENTS MOTIVATIONS RESEARCH TEACHING TRANSFER MISSIONS OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

27 Metrics of the Web Contents size Correlated with the knowledge production capabilities of the institution number of potential authors (faculty members, staff, alumni) available (access to) resources internal and external policies Quality resources Difficult criteria authoritativeness of the scholars (university) peer review 2.0 formats (file types), language (lingua franca) Visibility Hypertext links networks New motivations, many linkers (siters) Open versus Closed (international) impact Popularity Users, visits, behavior, evolution, referrers Methodological problems (global comparison no feasible) OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

28 Methodology Normalization log (n a +1)N: search engine (Google, Yahoo, Live, Exalead) N a = a: web domain log (max(n i )+1) Median method (Size) S a = ½ * ((G a + Y a + L a +E a ) – max (G a,Y a,L a,E a ) - min (G a,Y a,L a,E a )) Rich files R a = PDF a + DOC a + PPT a + Ps a Ranking S a -> R a (S) R a -> R a (R)V a -> R a (V) 1:1 WR= (50%*V) + (20%*S+15%*R+15%*Sc) Sc a -> R a (Sc) OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

29 OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

30 Expected Results North America MIT (1 st region & world), Stanford University (2 nd ), Harvard University (3 rd ) University of Toronto (25 th world) Europe Cambridge (1 st region), Oxford (2 nd ), ETH Zurich (3 rd ) Asia Tokyo (61 th world), National Taiwan (73 th ) and Beijing (133 th ) universities Oceania Australian National University (47 th ) Latin America Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (59 th world) Universidade de Sao Paulo (114 th world) Africa University of Cape Town ( 349 th world) WR (January 2008) OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

31 Unexpected Results Up Pennsylvania State University (4 th world) CiteSeer, index of computer and information science papers University of Wisconsin, Madison (7 th world) Internet Scout Project Linkoping University (14 th Europe, 79 th world) Lysator, the Academic Computer Society Universitat Trier (50 th Europe, 171 th world) DBLP, Computer Science Bibliography Down Cornell University (10 th world) Arxiv ( not under cornell.edu) California Institute of Technology (31 th world) Jet Propulsion Laboratory (jpl.nasa.gov, not under caltech.edu) Princeton University (36 th world) Yale University (41 st world) Johns Hopkins University (42 nd world) School of Medicine (hopkinsmedicine.org, not under jhu.edu) WR (January 2008) OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

C OMPARATIVE A NALYSIS (I) 32 (2007) OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

33 C OMPARATIVE A NALYSIS (II) 33 (2007) OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

C OMPARATIVE A NALYSIS (III) (2007) 34OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

Top 200 universities in the Webometrics Ranking (July 2007) 35 U NIVERSITIES BY C OUNTRY OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

A CADEMIC D IGITAL D IVIDE WR (January 2008) 36 OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

37 Regional distribution Number of universities by region in the Webometrics Ranking (July 2007) OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

Professional Ranking of World Universities Started in 2007 by École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris based on a single indicator- the number of alumni holding a post of chief executive officer or equivalent in one of the 500 leading international companies as reported in Fortune Global OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

Newsweek Ranking Started August 2006 by Newsweek, the American weekly newsmagazine Called the “Top 100 Global Universities” combined selected indicators from two rankings (Academic Ranking of World Universities by Shanghai Jiao Tong University and The Times Higher Education), with the additional criterion of library holdings (number of volumes). 39OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities Began in 2007 Produced by the Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan Employs bibliometric methods to analyse and rank the scientific papers of the top 500 universities in the world. 40OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

Non-Global (Regional and National) Ranking Canada India Ireland UK US …. 41OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

42 World Rankings Webometrics Rank First published in From 2006, two editions (January and July) Higher education Institutions (mostly universities): +15,000 (Jan’08) R&D related institutions (mostly research centers): +4,800 (Jan’08) OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

Ranking for Whom? Ranking is for all stakeholders in university education include university administrators notably the Vice- Chancellor and his/her management, staff, students, parents, the proprietor, employers of labour, the media, the civil society especially what is popularly called the “common man”, the international community and funding agencies. 43OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

What Purpose Does Ranking Serve?-1 It provides information on relative standing of courses or programmes in a university relative to similar programmes in other universities It provides information on overall standing of one university relative to others Guidance for potential students on which institutions to go for particular course University administrators are able to detect weaknesses in their programme delivery that needs to corrected 44OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

What Purpose Does Ranking Serve?- 2 Publicity for institutions that are well ranked. For instance, the Vice-Chancellor can make a boast that his/her university is among the top 10 in a programme. The Head of Department can flaunt the information that his/her medical programme is the best in the country Fuel for the advocacy machinery of student and staff unions for improved funding for the system Excuse for employers to deny employment to graduates Supporting evidence for critics that graduates are half- baked if universities earn low ranking on league tables 45OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

What Purpose Does Ranking Serve?- 3 Indication of the quality of delivery in the university system Stimulus for university administrators to buckle up to avoid the ridicule of being low down in the league table Salmi and Saroyan (2007) report that in some countries authorities restrict scholarships for studies abroad to students admitted to highly ranked institutions; donor agencies and foundations also look at international rankings to inform their decision making 46OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

What Purpose Does Ranking Serve?- 4 League tables play an important role in deciding international collaborations. The VC of Ilorin has indicated desire to revive international linkages. It is not in doubt that he will steer Senate in the direction of collaborating with globally well-ranked universities. It encourages institutions to re-examine their mission statements 47OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

University Ranking: The Nigerian Experience OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

University Ranking: The Nigerian Experience- Indicators (1) Percentage of academic programmes of the university with full accreditation status: Compliance with carrying capacity (measured by the degree of deviation from carrying capacity) Proportion of the academic staff of the university at professorial level Foreign content (staff): proportion of the academic staff of the university who are non-Nigerians Foreign content (students): proportion of the students of the university who are non-Nigerians OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP4906/03/2016

University Ranking: The Nigerian Experience- Indicators (2) Proportion of staff of the university with outstanding academic achievements Research output Student completion rate Ph.D. graduate output for the year Stability of university calendar Student-to-PC Ratio OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP5006/03/2016

Up, Up, UNILORIN… 1 st in Arts 2 nd in PhD Graduate Output 3 rd in Law 3 rd in Health Sciences; 3 rd in Science; 5 th in Education 6 th in Engineering/Technology 6 th in Research; 6 th in Quality of Academic Staff 8 th in Agriculture. 51OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

Revised NUC Ranking Scheme for National, Regional and Global Application Common 1.Academic Peer Review 2.Employer Review 3.Faculty /Student Ratio 4.Citations per Faculty 5.Retention: six-year graduation rate and first-year student retention rate 6.Graduation rate performance: difference between expected and actual graduation rate 7.Proportion of international staff 8.Proportion of international students 9.Web impact factor 10.Alumni holding a post of chief executive officer or equivalent in one of the 500 leading international companies Unique 1.Percentage of academic programmes of the university with full accreditation status 2.Proportion of academic staff of the university at full professorial level 52OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

What the Critics say about Ranking “I imagine that all university heads broadly share my own view of these [league] tables. They are terrific and unquestioned when you score well and better than last time. They are fatally flawed and fundamentally unfair when you move in the opposite direction.” …Howard Davies, Director, London School of Economics 53OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

54 Controversy of Ranking Any ranking is controversial and no ranking is absolutely objective. University rankings become popular in many countries. Whether we agree or not, ranking systems clearly are here to stay. The key issue then becomes how to improve ranking systems for the benefits of higher education (IREG). OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

How Nigerian Universities can Attain Respectable Ranking on Global League Tables (Project ) Recommendations on Webometric Ranking 55OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

Seven Imperatives for the Nigerian University System Maintenance of a stable academic calendar Stimulating a vibrant research culture Improvement of facilities for teaching and research Compliance with carrying capacity standards and avoidance of over-enrolment Extermination of cultism Encouraging universities to focus on programmes where they have strength and not duplicate courses offered elsewhere Strong international linkage with foreign universities 56OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

Cost of Elevating Nigerian Universities to Top Positions in Global Ranking Webometrics RankingTHE and ARWUTOTAL Mean Annual 10-year Aggregate Mean Annual 10-year Aggregate Mean Annual 10-year Aggregate N0.35 billionN3.5 billionN5.3 billionN53 billionN5.65 billion N56.5 billion 57OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

Concluding Remarks 58OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016

59 Thank you and God bless OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP06/03/2016