3 Pillars of Geomorphology Time Time Process Process Structure Structure

Tectonic is a field of study within geology concerned generally with the structures within the lithosphere of the Earth is a field of study within geology concerned generally with the structures within the lithosphere of the Earth is concerned with the orogenies and tectonic development of cratons and tectonic terranes as well as the earthquake and volcanic belts. is concerned with the orogenies and tectonic development of cratons and tectonic terranes as well as the earthquake and volcanic belts.

Landscapes Comprises the visible features of an area of land. Comprises the visible features of an area of land. Including the physical elements of water bodies such as rivers, lakes and the sea, living elements of land cover including indigenous vegetation, human elements including land uses, buildings and structures, and transitory elements such as lighting and weather conditions. Including the physical elements of water bodies such as rivers, lakes and the sea, living elements of land cover including indigenous vegetation, human elements including land uses, buildings and structures, and transitory elements such as lighting and weather conditions.

What is Tectonic Landform? are structural landforms of regional extent. are structural landforms of regional extent. any of the relief features that are produced chiefly by uplift or subsidence of the Earth’s crust or by upward magmatic movements. They include mountains, plateaus, and rift valleys. any of the relief features that are produced chiefly by uplift or subsidence of the Earth’s crust or by upward magmatic movements. They include mountains, plateaus, and rift valleys. These landforms make up extensive landscapes whose topography is strongly influenced by the structure of underlying rocks that have undergone (or are undergoing) some degree of deformation (and possible associated metamorphism and igneous intrusion). These landforms make up extensive landscapes whose topography is strongly influenced by the structure of underlying rocks that have undergone (or are undergoing) some degree of deformation (and possible associated metamorphism and igneous intrusion).

Landscapes developed on orogenic belts, uplifts, domes, and basins can all be thought of as tectonic landforms. Landscapes developed on orogenic belts, uplifts, domes, and basins can all be thought of as tectonic landforms. There is a continuum of tectonic landforms ranging from recently formed fault scarps to physiographic provinces that have evolved over many millions of years by differential erosion on older structures that themselves took millions of years to form. There is a continuum of tectonic landforms ranging from recently formed fault scarps to physiographic provinces that have evolved over many millions of years by differential erosion on older structures that themselves took millions of years to form. Bloom (1969) points out that one rarely sees pristine tectonic landforms (i.e., those surface features formed solely by crustal deformation such as fault scarps) Bloom (1969) points out that one rarely sees pristine tectonic landforms (i.e., those surface features formed solely by crustal deformation such as fault scarps)

Fault scarps

How does Tectonic Landforms formed? ► Plate tectonics theory explains how tectonic landforms formed.

Plate Tectonics

Continental Drift _________ proposed the theory that the crustal plates are moving over the mantle. This was supported by fossil and rock type evidence; also matching of coastline shapes. Wegener

Convection Currents The force responsible for plate movement.

Plate Boundaries ► The following two slides show maps of the current major plate boundaries and their relative motions. ► You should be able to describe various landforms created by different plate movements.

Plate Boundaries ► Divergent Boundary – moving _____ ► Convergent Boundary – moving ________ ► Transform Fault Boundary – moving ________________________ apart together sideways past each other

Divergent boundary of two continental plates. Creates a __________. Example: _____________ rift valley East African Rift

Convergent boundary of two oceanic plates. Creates an ________ and a _____. Example: _____ island arctrenchJapan

Convergent boundary of an oceanic plate and a continental plate. Forms a _______ mountain range and a ______. Examples: _______ or _______ Mts volcanic trench Cascades Andes

Convergent boundary of two continental plates. Forms a ______ mountain range. Examples: ___________, Alps, ______________ folded Himalayas Appalachians

Transform-fault boundary where the North American and Pacific plates are moving ____ each other. Example: ________________ in California past San Andreas Fault