End Show Slide 1 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Outline 1-2 How Scientists Work

End Show 1-2 How Scientists Work Slide 2 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Designing an Experiment The process of testing a hypothesis includes: Asking a question Forming a hypothesis Setting up a controlled experiment Recording and analyzing results Drawing a conclusion

End Show 1-2 How Scientists Work Slide 3 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Designing an Experiment Setting Up a Controlled Experiment A controlled experiment involves: 1.Experimental group(s) These receive some type of treatment: what you are testing 2. Control group Does NOT get the treatment. This will be compared to the experimental group(s).

End Show 1-2 How Scientists Work Slide 4 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Designing an Experiment Experimental Variables: The control and experimental groups should be identical except for one factor that is deliberately manipulated. This is called the manipulated variable, or independent variable. The variable that is observed or measured and that changes in response to the manipulated variable is called the responding, or dependent, variable.

End Show 1-2 How Scientists Work Slide 5 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Designing an Experiment Experimental Variables (continued): The controlled variables are those that must remain the same between the control and experimental groups. For example: Effect of differing amounts of fertilizer on plant growth Each plant must be exposed to the same conditions except for the amount of fertilizer: Same temperature, light, soil, water, etc.

End Show 1-2 How Scientists Work Slide 6 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Designing an Experiment Recording and Analyzing Results Scientists keep written records of their observations, or data. Sometimes drawings are used to record certain kinds of observations. Today, researchers use computers to record their work. Online storage makes it easier for other researchers to review the data.

End Show 1-2 How Scientists Work Slide 7 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Designing an Experiment Drawing a Conclusion Scientists use the data from an experiment to evaluate a hypothesis and draw a valid conclusion. This might involve mathematical calculations and statistics. Do the results support or falsify the hypothesis? Remember, hypotheses are NEVER PROVEN, only supported.

End Show 1-2 How Scientists Work Slide 8 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Repeating Investigations Scientists repeat experiments to be sure that the results match those already obtained. Publishing Results Write a report to let other scientists know what you did and to allow them to review, criticize and repeat the experiment.

End Show 1-2 How Scientists Work Slide 9 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Designing an Experiment Series of Experiments as an Example of the Scientific Method at Work: Asking a Question Many years ago, people wanted to know how living things came into existence.

End Show 1-2 How Scientists Work Slide 10 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Designing an Experiment Forming a Hypothesis One early hypothesis was spontaneous generation, or the idea that life could come from nonliving matter. For example, most people thought that maggots spontaneously appeared on meat. In 1668, Redi proposed a different hypothesis: That maggots came from eggs that flies laid on meat.

End Show 1-2 How Scientists Work Slide 11 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Designing an Experiment Redi’s Experiment Controlled Variables: jars, type of meat, Location, temperature, time Covered jars Uncovered jars

End Show 1-2 How Scientists Work Slide 12 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Designing an Experiment Redi’s Experiment Manipulated Variable: Gauze covering that keeps flies away from meat Responding Variable: whether maggots appear Maggots appear. Several days pass. No maggots appear.

End Show 1-2 How Scientists Work Slide 13 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Designing an Experiment Redi’s Experiment

End Show 1-2 How Scientists Work Slide 14 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Repeating Investigations Needham's Test of Redi's Findings Needham challenged Redi’s results by claiming that spontaneous generation could occur under the right conditions.

End Show 1-2 How Scientists Work Slide 15 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Repeating Investigations Needham’s Test of Redi’s Findings Needham sealed a bottle of gravy and heated it. After several days, the gravy was swarming with microorganisms. Needham concluded that these organisms came from the gravy by spontaneous generation.

End Show 1-2 How Scientists Work Slide 16 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Repeating Investigations Spallanzani's Test of Redi's Findings Gravy is boiled. He did a different experiment to find out if Needham was correct

End Show 1-2 How Scientists Work Slide 17 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Repeating Investigations Spallanzani's Test of Redi's Findings Flask is open. Flask is sealed.

End Show 1-2 How Scientists Work Slide 18 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Repeating Investigations Spallanzani's Test of Redi's Findings Gravy is teeming with microorganisms. Gravy is free of microorganisms.

End Show 1-2 How Scientists Work Slide 19 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Repeating Investigations Pasteur’s Experiment - with open curved neck flask Broth is boiled Broth is free of microorganisms for a year. Curved neck is removed. Broth is teeming with microorganisms.

End Show 1-2 How Scientists Work Slide 20 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Repeating Investigations Louis Pasteur’s experiment conclusively disproved the hypothesis of spontaneous generation. Pasteur showed that living things come only from other living things. This idea is now known as biogenesis.

End Show 1-2 How Scientists Work Slide 21 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Repeating Investigations The Impact of Pasteur’s Work Pasteur saved the French wine industry, which was troubled by unexplained souring of wine. He saved the silk industry, which was endangered by a silkworm disease. He began to uncover the nature of infectious diseases, showing that they were the result of microorganisms.

End Show 1-2 How Scientists Work Slide 22 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall When Experiments Are Not Possible It is not always possible to do an experiment to test a hypothesis. For example: Wild animals must be observed without disturbing them. Ethical considerations prevent some experiments. By carefully planning alternative investigations, scientists can discover reliable patterns that add to scientific understanding.

End Show 1-2 How Scientists Work Slide 23 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall How a Theory Develops As evidence from numerous investigations builds up, a hypothesis may become so well supported that scientists consider it a theory. In science, the word theory applies to a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations.

End Show 1-2 How Scientists Work Slide 24 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall How a Theory Develops No theory is considered absolute truth. As new evidence is uncovered, a theory may be revised or replaced by a more useful explanation.

End Show - or - Continue to: Click to Launch: Slide 25 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 1–2

End Show Slide 26 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 1–2 In an experiment, the variable that is deliberately changed is called the a.control. b.manipulated variable. c.responding variable. d.constant control

End Show Slide 27 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 1–2 The mistaken belief that living organisms can arise from nonliving matter is called a.biogenesis. b.Pasteur's theory. c.spontaneous generation. d.Spallanzani’s hypothesis.

End Show Slide 28 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 1–2 Which of the following was the manipulated variable in Redi’s experiment? a.the kind of meat used b.the temperature the jars were kept at c.the gauze covering on some jars d.the kind of fly that visited the jars

End Show Slide 29 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 1–2 A well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations is a a.hypothesis. b.variable. c.control. d.theory.

End Show Slide 30 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 1–2 A scientific explanation does not become a theory until a.a majority of scientists agree with it. b.it has been supported by evidence from numerous investigations and observations. c.it is first proposed as an explanation. d.it is published in a textbook.

END OF SECTION