The Human Body Systems of the Body

Skin Major Function: to regulate your internal body temperature. Sense organ Produces essential vitamins like Vit. D. Protective layer

Skeletal System 206 bones Ligaments: attach bone to bone Tendons: attach muscle to bone Bone marrow: helps produce blood cells

Muscular System Smooth muscle: involuntary muscles Cardiac Muscle: Involuntary muscle Skeletal Muscle:voluntary control

Digestive System 3 salivary glands secrete salivary amylase Stomach: secretes pepsin (proteins) Pancreas: Trypsin (proteins) Small intestines: maltase, sucrase,peptidase Liver: produces bile which helps to breakdown fats. Gallbladder: stores bile

Endocrine System Pituitary gland: master gland Hypothalamus: controls the pituitary gland Thyroid gland: Secretes thyroxin which stimulates growth and metabolism Adrenal gland: Secretes adrenaline Ovary: estrogen progesterone Testis: testosterone.

Endocrine System Negative Feedback System: a self- regulating system in which the hormones, or their effects, are fed back to inhibit the original signal.

Nervous System Neurons conduct impulses Dendrites are the branches receive impulses carry them toward the body cells Axon: single extension carries impulses away from the cell body toward muscles or glands.

Nervous System CNS: Brain and spinal cord coordinates all body activities Peripheral nervous system:PNS made up of all of the nerves carries messages to and from the CNS.

Nervous System Somatic Nervous system: reflexes Autonomic nervous system: are involuntary control 2 divisions *sympathetic controls during times of stress. *parasympathetic controls during times of rest.

Respiratory System Alveoli the branches in the lungs where gas exchange takes place. Diaphragm: the muscle between the ribs that expands and contracts the chest cavity. The medulla oblongata helps control breathing.

Circulatory System Red blood cells RBC transport oxygen;lack a nucleus, contain hemoglobin White blood cells WBC defend against diseases. Platelets: cell fragments used for clotting Plasma: liquid transports all of the cells.

Circulatory System Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Veins carry blood to the heart Capillaries where gas exchange takes place. 4 chambered heart: Which allows for complete separation of oxygenated and deoxgenated blood

Circulatory System Body to vena cava then into right atrium From right atrium to right ventricle to pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery to lungs then to pulmonary vein. From their it goes to left atrium, then left ventricle, Finally out of the body through the aorta.

Urinary System Kidneys: filter the blood to remove waste Ureter: connects kidneys to bladder Bladder: stores urine

Male Reproductive System Hormone control *The pituitary gland releases FSH and LH which stimulates the production of sperm and testosterone. As testosterone levels increase production of FSH and LH slows. When sperm and testosterone levels drop, production of FSH and LH increase again.

Menstrual Cycle

Female Reproductive System Hormones *Pituitary releases FSH; the follicle that is maturing releases estrogen. The increases in estrogen feeds back to the pituitary so that FSH and LH are slowed down. Just before ovulation estrogen levels peak stimulating a sharp rise in LH causing the follicle to rupture. The corpus leteum produces progesterone and some estrogen and prevents the release of LH. If fertilization does not occur then the rising levels of progesterone and estrogen inhibit the release of FSH and LH and the uterine lining sheds.

Immune System Innate immunity: skin, body secretions, inflammation, phagocytosis ( phagocytes and macrophages) Acquired Immunity: gradual build up of resistance (spleen and tonsils) Antibody immunity: chemical warfare within your body, antibodies that attack antigens. B- cells make antibodies for the body (memory cells that will help the next time you get sick) T-cell attack and destroy the cell that has the invading virus and bacteria.

Immune System Passive immunity: mother to unborn baby through placenta; nursing a baby Active immunity: can be induced artifically by vaccines.