Source: Kaufmann et al., “Media, Governance and Development: An Empirical Perspective,” (2007)

Heterogeneous No coercive power Does not act in the way government institutions can Strengths Heterogeneous No coercive power Does not act in the way government institutions can

Strategic Planning Monitoring and Investigation Sanction Risk assessment Normative baseline Shadow evaluation Reform proposals Advocacy, campaigns Whistleblowing Integrity monitoring Judgment of ethical alignment Normative base for punishment Oversight of sanctions Publicizing results

Corruption is not a local phenomenon Corruption has costs Corruption can be fought Citizens have a right to clean government Action awareness Assessment of local corruption Assessment of local accountability What accountability mechanisms can I use? Who do I call?

PETS Community monitoring Public data Incremental progress Protection Realism Participation at elite level Participatory oversight Reduce the costs of oversight OversightPlanning Data collection and education Public advocacy

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Bureaucratic procedure Codes of ethics Integrity pledges Citizen charters Report cards Shadow audits