Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal

Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the First 100 Days Roosevelt promised to use increased government power to fight the Depression Immediately begins passing 15 new programs in the era known as the First 100 Days FDR chooses wide variety of advisors with three distinct philosophies to encourage new ideas Addressed nation through series of radio broadcasts known as “Fireside Chats”

FDR’s programs come to be known as the New Deal –New Deal did not rely on balanced budget, instead using deficit spending –New Deal programs often referred to by acronyms and nicknamed “Alphabet Soup” –New Deal was divided into phases due to changes in conditions

Describe the actions of Franklin Roosevelt during the First 100 Days and the ideas behind the New Deal:

VIDEO QUESTION – TA (12:30-end) TA – ek&feature=related (start-0:40) ek&feature=related –Describe the message of Franklin Roosevelt in his inaugural address and how it was received: –Describe the changes/ experiences in the U.S. during FDR’s first year at the beginning of the New Deal in 1933

New Deal Approaches Reform: Reform the system in order to ensure that another depression does not occur Relief: Provide relief to people suffering because of the Great Depression Recovery: Help the country’s economy recover from the Great Depression

Reform programs Emergency Banking Relief Act: passed first day Congress convened to have banks examined and licensed Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC): creates independent agency to regulate stock market and oversee fraud Federal Deposit Insurance Commission (FDIC): provides government insurance of deposits to a certain amount

Relief Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC): employed young men to complete conservation projects while living in camps –Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA): channeled money to local and state agencies for relief projects

Recovery – Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA): provides jobs and electricity in the south through construction of dams on the Tennessee River area

–Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA): raised prices for farmers by paying some farmers not to grow crops to decrease surplus, but unpopular due to increased prices for consumers

–Public Works Adminstration (PWA): gave funds to contractors for public works construction projects and required hiring of African-Americans Civil Works Administration (CWA) formed as direct government hiring of workers for projects, but discontinued after one year

–National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA): suspended anti-trust laws to allow government, business, and labor to set voluntary rules set prices, minimum wages, work hours allowed workers to form unions ran by National Recovery Adminstration (NRA) that displayed blue eagle logo in participating companies struck down by the Supreme Court

Describe how the programs from the first part of the New Deal demonstrated the three approaches used by Franklin Roosevelt: – Reform (things reformed / how done) – Relief (how done) – Recovery (how done)

VIDEO QUESTION a4NSMjsek&feature=related (0:40- 4:30) a4NSMjsek&feature=related Describe the changing conditions and events surrounding labor under FDR and the New Deal:

VIDEO QUESTION feature=related (4:30-8:15) feature=related Describe the challenges FDR faced in implementing the New Deal after the lack of overall national change during the initial phase of the New Deal in 1933 Describe the challenges to FDR by Huey Long and their results:

Challenges to the First New Deal  Conservatives angry over deficit spending and increased powers of the federal government

Liberals criticized the New Deal as not going far enough to shift incomes to help the poor –Huey Long: former governor and Senator of Louisiana with “Share Our Wealth” clubs –Father Coughlin: reorganization of banks and heavy taxes on the wealthy –Dr. Francis Townsend: proposed giving seniors $200 check each month that must be spent –Roosevelt feared these combined could remove enough support from Democrats in next election

Supreme Court struck down National Industrial Recovery Act in Schechter Poultry v. US –Stated that Constitution did not give Congress ability to delegate powers to executive branch –Other programs struck down and FDR fearful of court destroying the New Deal

Describe the criticisms given to the New Deal from both conservatives and liberals: Describe the impact of the Supreme Court on the First New Deal:

VIDEO QUESTION hYbu0CdJ87k&NR=1 (4:50-9:10) hYbu0CdJ87k&NR=1 Describe how FDR used multiple types of media to bring the problems of the country to national attention and to spread his message/plan for recovery:

Second New Deal FDR still popular with general population but under pressure from all sides First New Deal had not generated as rapid of recovery as desired Creates new set of programs to increase recovery –Works Progress Administration (WPA): spent $11 billion and employed 8.5 million people Construction of highways, bridges, parks “Federal Number One”: provided jobs for artists and musicians to create public murals or sculptures, public symphonies, and record stories of former slaves

–Social Security: payments to elderly (also disabled) that were collected through payroll taxes paid by workers and employers –National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) or “Wagner Act”: allowed workers the right to form unions without interference and use binding arbitration to solve disputes Labor union process contentious, with “sit-down strikes”, but unions increase numbers

Describe the three major programs created as a part of the Second New Deal:

VIDEO QUESTION Ja4NSMjsek&feature=related (8:15- 11:00) Ja4NSMjsek&feature=related Describe the changes and attitude put forward during the Second 100 Days and by the FDR administration:

Election of 1936 and Court-Packing Plan Roosevelt easily wins reelection against Republican nominee Alfred Landon (Gov. of Kansas) FDR views popular opinion behind the New Deal, but Supreme Court strikes down NIRA and AAA –Roosevelt angry that “nine old men” can block the will of the people Supreme Court preparing to hear cases on Social Security and Wagner Act

Roosevelt wants to change the makeup of the court –Roosevelt claims Supreme Court is overburdened –Proposes a bill to increase number of justices Add a justice for any judge that has served 10 years and did not retire after turning 70 FDR would likely be able to appoint 6 new justices in next few years that would support the New Deal

Criticism of plan –Southern Democrats fearful it will be used to end segregation –African Americans fear it will be used by future presidents to oppose civil rights –Most Americans see this as granting too much power to the President

–Ending of the “Court Packing Plan” Supreme Court upholds Social Security and Wagner Act One justice retires, FDR appoints supporter Senate fails to bring up FDR proposal

Describe the Court-Packing plan by FDR: Reasons for it and plan View of plan by the public How resolved

Roosevelt Recession Unemployment surges in late 1937, even though economy seemed almost recovered FDR decreased funding for work programs due to worries about large debt and public dependency on government programs Economy drops and 2 million lose jobs

FDR’s administration debates a solution –Some favor balancing the budget to reassure businesses that they can invest in the economy –Some favor increasing government spending Keynesian Economics: policy of government spending, even running a deficit, to jump start the economy –FDR eventually decides to increase government spending in 1938

Describe Roosevelt Recession (what caused and FDR’s decision to fix):

Later New Deal Programs Programs –National Housing Act: creates US Housing Authority to help builders receive loans to build low-cost housing for the poor –Farm Security Act: provided loans to tenant farmers to buy own farms, but led to increases in production and pricing problems –Fair Labor Standards Act: reinstated some parts of NIRA, including 40 hour work-week, and abolishing child labor

FDR’s successes were smaller after some loss of public support Conservative Southern Democrats began working with Republicans to block many New Deal proposals FDR must focus most of attention on problems with Germany and Japan by 1939 New Deal era comes to an end and economic recovery not complete until World War II

Describe why the later New Deal programs were smaller/less successful:

Shifting Political Institutions Increased the power of the president Increased the power of the federal government Decreased the independence of business African Americans shifting their support from Republicans to Democrats, this is still the voting pattern today Southern Democrats become increasing conservative and resistant to presidential legislation and policies, especially when dealing with civil rights

Describe how the New Deal dramatically shifted politics in the United States:

Significance of the New Deal Welfare State or safety net –Provided protections for those facing economic disasters or crises –People generally felt the government had the duty to maintain the safety net –Great expansion to the size of United States government and its budget Large bureaucracy with many New Deal programs remaining part of the government

Broker state and regulation of the economy –Government is now expected by many to take a more proactive role in the economy –Through Supreme Court decisions, the power of the federal government to regulate production and consumption within a state was upheld through the interstate commerce clause –New Deal attempted to balance competitive interests, so business leaders, workers, farmers, consumers all looked to government to protect their interests in the economy Broker state: mediating role to work out conflicts between competing interests

Describe how the New Deal has dramatically influenced the role of government in the lives of citizens: