BONDING IONIC BOND COVALENT BOND CHEMICAL NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA

STANDARDS SPS2. STUDENTS WILL EXPLORE THE NATURE OF MATTER, ITS CLASSIFICATIONS, AND ITS SYSTEM FOR NAMING B. PREDICT FORMULAS FOR STABLE BINARY IONIC COMPOUNDS BASED ON BALANCE OF CHARGES. C. USE IUPAC NOMENCLATURE FOR TRANSITION BETWEEN CHEMICAL NAMES AND CHEMICAL FORMULAS OF BINARY IONIC COMPOUNDS AND BINARY COVALENT COMPOUNDS

TERMS TO KNOW! ION: A CHARGED ATOM CHEMICAL BOND: FORCE OF ATTRACTION THAT HOLDS ELEMENTS TOGETHER IN ORDER TO FORM A UNIT IONIC BOND: A CHEMICAL BOND IN WHICH ONE ATOM LOSES AN ELECTRON TO FORM A POSITIVE ION AND THE OTHER ATOM GAINS AN ELECTRON TO FORM A NEGATIVE ION COVALENT BOND: A CHEMICAL BOND THAT INVOLVES SHARING A PAIR OF ELECTRONS BETWEEN ATOMS IN A MOLECULE CATION: POSITIVELY CHARGED ATOM ANION: NEGATIVELY CHARGED ATOM OXIDATION NUMBER: THE TOTAL NUMBER OF ELECTRONS THAT AN ATOM WILL GAIN OR LOSE IN ORDER TO BECOME STABLE

DID YOU KNOW??? VALENCE ELECTRONS ARE THE ELECTRONS IN THE OUTER MOST ENERGY LEVEL Group 1Group 2Group 13 Group 14 Group 15 Group 16 Group 17 Group

IONIC BOND, WHAT’S THAT??? THE ONLY ELEMENTS THAT DO NOT FORM BONDS ARE THE NOBLE GASES THESE ELEMENTS CONTAIN THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ELECTRONS NEEDED TO BE STABLE (GROUP 18 ELEMENTS WILL NEVER FORM BONDS/COMPOUNDS WITH ANY ELEMENT) SO HOW DO ALL OTHER ELEMENTS BECOME STABLE??? THEY DO SO BY FORMING CHEMICAL BONDS: FORCE OF ATTRACTIONS THAT HOLDS ELEMENTS TOGETHER TO FORM A UNIT.

IONIC BOND EACH ELEMENT ON THE PERIODIC TABLE WILL EITHER GAIN OR LOSE ELECTRONS TO BECOME STABLE. ELECTRONS THAT ELEMENTS GAIN OR LOSE IN ORDER TO BECOME STABLE: OXIDATION NUMBER

OXIDATION NUMBERS Group 1Group 2Group 13Group 14Group 15Group 16Group 17Group

OXIDATION NUMBERS REMEMBER, ELECTRONS HAVE A NEGATIVE CHARGE, SO IF YOU LOSE YOUR NEGATIVITY, YOU WILL BECOME MORE POSITIVE REASON WHY GROUPS I, 2, 13, AND 14 HAVE A POSITIVE OXIDATION NUMBER (CHARGE) SO ON THE OTHER HAND, GROUPS HAVE A NEGATIVE OXIDATION NUMBER BECAUSE THEY ARE GAINING ELECTRONS (NEGATIVITY) SO THEIR CHARGE (OXIDATION NUMBER) WILL BE NEGATIVE ELEMENTS IN GROUP 1 WILL LOSE 1 ELECTRON IN ORDER TO BECOME STABLE. ELEMENTS IN GROUP 2 WILL LOSE 2 ELECTRONS TO BECOME STABLE ELEMENTS IN GROUP 15 WILL GAIN 3 ELECTRONS TO BECOME STABLE

WHAT MAKES UP AN IONIC BOND IONIC BONDS ARE BONDS THAT FORM WITH CHARGED ATOMS AN ATOM WITH A CHARGE IS CALLED AN ION THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF IONS: CATIONS AND ANIONS CATION: POSITIVELY CHARGED ATOM ANION: NEGATIVELY CHARGED PARTICLE

IONIC BOND LET’S REVIEW THE PERIODIC TABLE AGAIN: EVERY THING ON THE LEFT SIDE OF THE PERIODIC TABLE ARE METALS EVERYTHING ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE PERIODIC TABLE ARE NONMETALS SO IF WE LOOK AT OUR OXIDATION NUMBERS AGAIN….

PARTS OF AN IONIC BOND YOU WILL FIND THAT GROUPS 1,2,13,14 ARE PRIMARILY ON THE LEFT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE- WITH POSITIVE OXIDATION NUMBERS-SINCE METALS MAKE UP MAJORITY OF THESE GROUPS IT IS SAFE TO SAY THAT METALS ARE Y0UR CATIONS GROUPS 15,16,17 ARE YOU NEGATIVELY CHARGED ATOMS (ANIONS) THEY ARE FOUND ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE PERIODIC TABLE, WHICH IS WHERE THE NONMETALS, SO IT IS SAFE TO SAY THE NONMETALS ARE YOUR ANIONS.

IONIC BOND IONIC BONDS ARE MADE UP OF CATIONS (METALS) AND ANIONS (NONMETALS). WHEN CONSTRUCTING IONIC BONDS: METAL + NONMETAL IONIC BONDS DEALS WITH THE TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS: GIVE AND TAKE RELATIONSHIP METALS GIVE UP ELECTRONS (POSITIVE OXIDATION NUMBER) NONMETALS TAKE ELECTRONS (NEGATIVE OXIDATION NUMBER)

IONIC BOND WHEN SHOWING THE TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS, YOU WILL NEED TO USE ARROWS SODIUM IS THE METAL (GIVING UP ELECTRON) WHILE CHLORINE IS THE NONMETAL (TAKING IN ELECTRON)

NAMING METAL + NONMETAL Na + Cl SODIUM CHLORIDE NAMING IONIC BONDS 1.WRITE THE NAME OF THE METAL 2.WRITE THE ROOT NAME OF THE NONMETAL 3.ADD “IDE” TO THE ENDING OF THE NONMETAL ROOT NAME

COVALENT BOND THIS TYPE OF BOND IS MADE UP OF: NONMETAL + NONMETAL COVALENT BONDS SHARE ELECTRONS WE SHOW THE SHARING OF ELECTRONS BY ONLY DEALING WITH ELEMENTS ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF PERIODIC TABLE (ANIONS) COVALENT BONDS CREATE MOLECULES

COVALENT BOND HYDROGEN SITS IN GROUP ONE WHICH MEANS IT HAS 1 VALENCE ELECTRON IN ORDER TO BECOME STABLE, IT MUST SHARE 1 ELECTRON WITH ANOTHER ELEMENT IN ORDER TO BECOME STABLE WE PLACE INTERLOCKING CIRCLES AROUND THE ELECTRONS TO SHOW THAT THE TWO ELEMENTS ARE SHARING THE ELECTRONS TO BECOME STABLE.

NAMING COVALENT BONDS 1.WRITE THE NAME OF THE FIRST ELEMENT 2.IF THE ELEMENT SYMBOL IS FOLLOWED BY SUBSCRIPT OF 2 OR MORE, PLACE THE APPROPRIATE PREFIX IN FRONT OF THE ELEMENT NAME 3.WRITE THE ROOT NAME OF THE SECOND ELEMENT, ADD “IDE” TO THE ENDING OF THE ROOT NAME **** IF THERE IS A SUBSCRIPT THAT FOLLOWS THE SECOND ELEMENT, ADD THE APPROPRIATE PREFIX IN FRONT OF THE ROOT NAME

NAMING COVALENT BONDS SUBSCRIPT: NUMBER WRITTEN BELOW, TELLS YOU HOW MANY OF EACH ELEMENT IS PRESENT IN COMPOUND/MOLECULE SUPERSCRIPT: NUMBER WRITTEN ABOVE THE ELEMENT SYMBOL, THIS IS HOW THE OXIDATION NUMBER (CHARGE) IS DISPLAYED.

CHEMICAL FORMULA TELLS YOU WHAT ELEMENT IS PRESENT IN YOUR COMPOUND AND HOW MANY OF EACH ATOM. TO CONSTRUCT YOU WILL USE THE CRISSCROSS METHOD:

METALLIC BONDS A METALLIC BOND IS A BOND FORMED BY THE ATTRACTION BETWEEN POSITIVELY CHARGED METAL IONS AND THE ELECTRONS AROUND THEM. ELECTRONS MOVE FREELY BETWEEN METAL ATOMS. THIS MODEL EXPLAINS WHY METALS: CONDUCT ELECTRICITY CONDUCT HEAT ARE FLEXIBLE

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS WHEN A COMPOUND IS MADE OF ONLY CARBON AND HYDROGEN ATOMS, IT IS CALLED A HYDROCARBON. ALKANES ARE HYDROCARBONS THAT HAVE ONLY SINGLE COVALENT BONDS.

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTINUED… ALKENES ARE HYDROCARBONS THAT CONTAIN DOUBLE CARBON-CARBON BONDS. EXAMPLE: ETHENE ALCOHOLS HAVE HYDROXYL, OR –OH, GROUPS. EXAMPLE: METHANOL ALCOHOL MOLECULES BEHAVE SIMILARLY TO WATER MOLECULES. ALCOHOLS, WHICH HAVE THE SUFFIX -OL IN THEIR NAMES, ARE FOUND IN MANY HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS