WORLD WAR I

2 The First World War: When? War involving nearly all the nations of the world What?

3 The First World War: Who? Germany(Kaiser Wilhelm) Austria-Hungary (Franz Ferdinand) Ottoman Empire (Turkey) Bulgaria Russia (Nicolas II Last Czar of Russia) France (Georges Clemenceau) Great Britain (Lloyd George) Italy Japan United States (1917) (Woodrow Wilson) Central Powers: (Axis) Entente: (Allies)

Causes of World War I  MILITARISM – creation of large powerful militaries and stockpiling weapons  ALLIANCE SYSTEM –Friends or allies  IMPERIALISM – when a stronger nation takes over a weaker nation (to gain $, power, respect)  NATIONALISM – pride or love for one’s nation

 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie The Spark of World War I

The Assassin- The Assassin- Gavrilo Princip Member of the Black Hand (secret society) Lived in Serbia and hated that Austria-Hungary was trying to take over

THE ASSASSINATION OF THE ARCHDUKE Shot Rings Throughout Europe Shot Rings Throughout Europe

Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia… Little do they know Allies are waiting in the wings (?) Propaganda like this was recruiting allied soldiers

WWI extremely difficult on Western Front due to trench warfare

The soldiers had very little decent food, and what food they had was often attacked by rats. These rats were the size of small rabbits and badgers because they had fed on the decomposing bodies of dead soldiers.

War Horse pUcty5I0k Trench warfare

No smiling and relaxed faces… No clean uniforms… Their equipment is scattered everywhere… Boredom and sleep are obvious…

No Man’s Land The area between trenches of opposing armies Covered with barbed wire, mines, and fallen soldiers

Movie Clip   Legends of the Fall   wmxg7g wmxg7g   KZTUo&feature=fvwrel KZTUo&feature=fvwrel   War horse   _s81WQxfY _s81WQxfY

Why was WWI so devastating? Introduction of new weapons never seen before.

Aircraft

Poisonous Gas  This war was also the first to use chlorine and mustard gas. The German army was the first to use chlorine in  French soldiers had not come across this before and assumed that it was a smoke screen. It has a distinctive smell – a mixture of pepper and pineapple – and they only realized they were being gassed when they started to have chest pains and a burning sensation in their throats!  Death is painful – you suffocate!

Soldier wearing gas mask Americans were urged to save peach pits during the war.

The effects of mustard gas

Young Indiana Jones  XsQ5E XsQ5E XsQ5E  Gassing in WWI

German U-Boats

Death, Recovery of Bodies, & Burial

****Germans go through Belgium to get to France****

Ruins of France

31 Why did it take so long for America to get involved in the war?   America was isolationist   “Why should I get involved in someone else’s problems”

32 Is isolationism really an option for a country as powerful as the United States?

33 Which side should the US pick? 11 million German- Americans Irish-Americans hated Great Britain Close cultural ties Shared transatlantic cables (so censored stories) Big business loaned much $ to allies Central Powers:Allies: US Exports to both sides:

34 What did it take to get the US involved? 1. Blockades Britain blockaded (stopped) all German ships going to America Germany announced a submarine war around Britain Y-53 German Submarine 1916

35 What did it take to get the US involved? 2. Sinking of the Lusitania Lusitania torpedoed, sinking with 1200 passengers and crew (including 128 Americans) Was eventually found to be carrying 4200 cases of ammunition German Propaganda Justifying Lusitania sinking

36 What did it take to get the US involved? 3. Propaganda The US sharply criticized Germany for their action Germany agreed not to sink passenger ships without warning in the future Note in Bottle After Lusitania Disaster

37 What did it take to get the US involved? 4. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare 1917 Germany announced “unrestricted submarine warfare” in the war zone

38 What did it take to get the US involved? 5. Zimmerman Note US intercepted a note from Germany to Mexico, It promised Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona back in return for an alliance

39 What did it take to get the US involved? Zimmerman Note + the sinking of 4 unarmed American ships led to a declaration of war

40 How was the war looking for the allies? Russia left the war after its communist revolution in 1917 Made it a one front war for Germany - all its troops could concentrate on France Not Good...

41 How did government convince Americans that it was time to go?   Posters - Gee!! How do you think this poster helped to convince the American people that the war was a good idea?

42 How did the War Affect the US? Enforcing Loyalty Hatred of all things German Ex. “Liberty Cabbage” German potato salad gone off the shelves No one could learn German in schools Kids were teased

43 What did the US do to help?   US provided the food, money, and fresh troops needed to win the war American Troops March Through London Supplies:

44 Convincing the American People 1. War to End All Wars Idealism: 2 Goals For War: 2. Making the World Safe for Democracy

45 How did the War Affect the US? Women Women filled factory jobs May have led 19th Amendment after the war (Gave women the right to vote) Black soldiers still served in Segregated Units African Americans “Great Migration” - thousands of African Americans moved North to work in factories

US Support of the War Conserve   US Food Administration wanted Americans to reduce consumption of key food items   Conservation-Liberty Gardens, “Liberty Cabbage”   Meatless Mondays   Wheatless Wednesday

Invest War Bonds

Enlist in the Military

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Espionage Act 1918 It originally prohibited any attempt to interfere with military operations, to support U.S. enemies during wartime, to promote insubordination in the military, or to interfere with military recruitment. The constitutionality of the law, its relationship to free speech, and the meaning of the law's language have been contested in court ever since. obtaining or delivering information relating to "national defense" to a person who was not "entitled to have it" (Spying)

Sedition Act of 1918   Forbade the use of "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the United States government, its flag, or its armed forces or that caused others to view the American government or its institutions with contempt. Those convicted under the act generally received sentences of imprisonment for 5 to 20 years.   Both acts resulted in more than a thousand convictions

Results of World War I Political Cost Political Cost Human Cost Human Cost Economic Cost Economic Cost Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles Making Peace Making Peace

Human Cost   8.5 million died in battle   2xs that wounded   6-13 million civilians dead   Over 20 million die of flu worldwide

Economic Costs   Homes, farms, factories, roads, churches need to be rebuilt   Rebuilding costs money that countries don’t have plus many have to pay off war debts   So blame Germany and have them pay reparations to all   TOTAL COSTS: Great Britain $55 billion, France $50 billion, Russia $25 billion, Germany $60 billion, Austria-Hungary $25 billion

Political Costs   Govts collapsed in Russia, Germany, A-H, and Ottoman Empire   Radicals try to rule and communism spreads   Colonial troops returned home with cynical views of Europeans   Imperial powers were no longer seen as invincible   African and Asian colonies found hope for independence from European control

How the map in Europe changed.  io0Pk io0Pk io0Pk

Paris Peace Conference and League of Nations   Allies Paris without Central Powers and Russia   Great Britain, France, US, Italy – each with own demands and interests   Issues concerned countries wanting own control, who to blame, keeping peace   Wilson of USA has 14 Points and is willing to compromise in order to get the League of Nations for world security

Treaty of Versailles   June 1919   Signed by “big 3” and Germany   New countries formed like Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia…independence for Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia (Baltic Sea countries)   Creation of the League of Nations (No USA)   Punished Germany:   Pay others $ = reparations   Take all blame for the war   Limit military   Give back land taken   No more colonies