© Cengage Learning 2015 LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT, 18e G. TYLER MILLER SCOTT E. SPOOLMAN © Cengage Learning Environmental __________, Their Causes, and ______________

© Cengage Learning 2015 A transition in human _________ toward the environment, and a shift in behavior, can lead to a much better future for the planet in 2065 ______________ –The capacity of the earth’s natural systems and human cultural systems to survive, flourish, and adapt into the very _________ future Core Case Study: A Vision of a More Sustainable World in ________

© Cengage Learning 2015 _________ has sustained itself for billions of years by using solar energy, biodiversity, and nutrient cycling Our lives and economies depend on _________from the sun and on natural resources and natural services (_________ __________) provided by the earth 1-1: What Are Some ___________ of Sustainability?

© Cengage Learning 2015 Shift toward living more sustainably by: –Applying _________pricing, searching for win-win solutions –Committing to ___________ the earth’s life- support system for future generations 1-1: What Are Some Principles of Sustainability? (cont’d.)

© Cengage Learning 2015 _____________: everything around us Environmental__________: interdisciplinary science connecting information and ideas from: –___________ sciences: ecology, biology, geology, chemistry –_________sciences: geography, politics, economics –__________: ethics, philosophy Environmental Science Is a Study of ______________ in Nature

© Cengage Learning 2015 Dependence on ________ energy –The sun provides warmth and fuels photosynthesis _____________ –Astounding variety and adaptability of natural systems and species _________ cycling –From the environment to organisms and then back to the environment Three Scientific ________ of Sustainability

© Cengage Learning 2015 Fig. 1-3, p. 8 Solar Energy Chemical CyclingBiodiversity Three Principles of Sustainability

© Cengage Learning 2015 Natural _________: keep species alive –Natural __________: useful materials and energy in nature –Natural _________important nature processes such as renewal of air, water, and soil ____________ services –Processes provided by healthy ecosystems Sustainability Has Certain Key Components

Natural Capital Solar energy Air Air purification Climate control UV protection (ozone layer) Life (biodiversity) Water Population control Pest control Waste treatment Nonrenewable minerals (iron, sand) Soil Land Soil renewal Food production Natural gas Nutrient recycling Nonrenewable energy (fossil fuels) Coal seam Natural resources Ecosystem services Oil Natural Capital = Natural Resources + Ecosystem Services Renewable energy (sun, wind, water flows) Water purification Fig. 1-3, p. 7

© Cengage Learning 2015 _________________ –Include harmful health and environmental costs of goods and services _______________ –Benefit people and the environment A _____________to future generations Other Principles of Sustainability Come from the Social Sciences

© Cengage Learning 2015 ____________ –Anything we obtain from the environment to meet our needs –Some directly available for use: sunlight –Some not directly available for use: petroleum An ___________ resource –Solar energy Some Resources Are ___________ and Some Are _____

© Cengage Learning 2015 _____________ resource –Several days to several hundred years to renew –Examples: forests, grasslands, and fertile soil ___________ yield –Highest _______ at which we can use a renewable resource without reducing available supply Some Resources Are Renewable and Some Are Not (cont’d.)

© Cengage Learning 2015 _____________ resources –Finite stock on earth –Energy resources –Metallic mineral resources –Nonmetallic mineral resources Some Resources Are Renewable and Some Are Not (cont’d.)

Fig. 1-5, p. 9 ECONOMICS Full-cost pricing POLITICS Win-win results ETHICS Responsibility to future generations Principles of Sustainability

© Cengage Learning 2015 _______-developed countries –Industrialized nations with high average income –17% of the world’s population _______-developed countries –83% of the world’s population Countries Differ in their Resource ______ and Environmental _______

© Cengage Learning 2015 As our ecological footprints grow, we are ___________and ___________ more of the earth’s natural capital 1-2: How Are Our ___________ Footprints Affecting the Earth? Also called a __________ footprint

© Cengage Learning 2015 Ecological footprints are not all equal

© Cengage Learning 2015 Patterns of Natural Resource Consumption Fig. 1-12a, p. 15

© Cengage Learning 2015 Patterns of Natural Resource Consumption Fig. 1-12b, p. 15

© Cengage Learning 2015 Environmental degradation: wasting, depleting, and degrading the earth’s natural capital –Happening at an ____________rate We Are Living _______________

© Cengage Learning 2015 Fig. 1-7, p. 11 Natural Capital Degradation Degradation of Normally Renewable Natural Resources Climate change Shrinking forests Air pollution Decreased wildlife habitats Species extinction Soil erosion Water pollution Declining ocean fisheries Aquifer depletion

© Cengage Learning 2015 __________ of pollution –________sources Single, identifiable source –_______sources Disbursed and difficult to identify What are some strategies for pollution cleanup and prevention? ____________ Comes from a Number of Sources

Point-Source Pollution Non-Point Source Fig. 1-8, p. 11

© Cengage Learning 2015 _________ of resources –Open access renewable resources –Shared resources _________ of the commons –Common property and open-access renewable resources are degraded from overuse –What are some solutions? The __________ of the Commons: Degrading Commonly Shared Renewable Resources

© Cengage Learning 2015 __________________ –Amount of biologically productive land and water needed to provide a person or area with renewable resources, and to recycle wastes and pollution __________ecological footprint ________________ –Footprint is larger than biological capacity for replenishment Ecological Footprints: A Model of Unsustainable Use of Resources

Natural Capital Use and Degradation Fig. 1-11, p. 13

© Cengage Learning 2015 ________________ –I = Environmental impact –P = Population –A = Affluence –T = Technology IPAT is Another Environmental Impact Model

© Cengage Learning 2015 Fig. 1-14, p. 17 Less-Developed Countries Consumption per person (affluence, A) Population (P) Technological impact per unit of consumption (T) Environmental impact of population (I) More-Developed Countries XX= IPAT

© Cengage Learning 2015 World’s ________ population ________ largest economy Two-thirds of the most _________ cities are in China Projections for next decade –Largest consumer and producer of______ Case Study: _______ Growing Number of Affluent Consumers

© Cengage Learning 2015 Humans were hunters and gatherers _________ years ago _______ major cultural events –____________revolution –________________revolution –__________________ revolution Current need for a sustainability revolution Cultural Changes Can Grow or Shrink Our Ecological Footprints

© Cengage Learning 2015 Major _______ of environmental problems –Population growth, unsustainable resource use, poverty, avoidance of full-cost pricing, and increasing isolation from nature Our environmental _____________ play a key role in determining whether we live _____________ or more ____________ 1-3: Why Do We Have Environmental Problems?

© Cengage Learning 2015 Population __________ Wasteful and unsustainable resource use _________ Failure to include the _________ environmental costs of goods and services in market prices Increasing isolation from nature Experts Have Identified Several Causes of Environmental Problems

Causes of Environmental Problems Excluding environmental costs from market prices PovertyUnsustainable resource use Population growth Increasing isolation from nature Causes of Environmental Problems Fig. 1-15, p. 16

© Cengage Learning 2015 ______________ growth –Population increases at a fixed percentage per unit time No one knows how many people the earth can support indefinitely The Human Population is Growing at a Rapid Rate

© Cengage Learning 2015 Fig. 1-16, p. 17 ? Industrial revolution Black Death—the Plague Hunting and gathering Agricultural revolutionIndustrial revolution Billions of people Exponential Growth of Human Population Time

© Cengage Learning 2015 Harmful environmental impact due to: –High levels of ______________ –High levels of ___________ –Unnecessary ________of resources Affluence can provide __________for _________ technologies to reduce: –Pollution –Environmental degradation –Resource waste __________ Has Harmful and Beneficial Environmental Effects

© Cengage Learning 2015 Unable to fulfill basic needs –________________, _________, __________, _______________, and ___________ Working to survive Poverty Has Harmful Environmental and Health Effects

© Cengage Learning 2015 _______________ do not pay the environmental cost of resource use ___________________ do not include the harmful environmental costs Companies receive ____________and ___________ Prices of Goods and Services Do Not Include the Harmful Environmental Costs

© Cengage Learning 2015 Increasing populations in _________ areas Nature _________ disorder –Not having enough contact with nature We are Increasingly _________ from Nature

© Cengage Learning 2015 Environmental ethics: What is right and wrong with how we treat the environment? –_______________management worldview We are separate from and in charge of nature –_______________ worldview Manage earth for our benefit with ethical responsibility to be stewards –___________________ worldview We are part of nature and must engage in sustainable use People Have Different Views on Environmental Problems/Solutions

© Cengage Learning 2015 Living _______________ –Live off the earth’s natural income ___________depleting or degrading the natural capital that supplies it 1-4: What Is an Environmentally Sustainable Society?

© Cengage Learning 2015 Environmentally _____________ society –Meets _________needs in a just and equitable manner without compromising future ____________ ability to meet their needs Natural income –Renewable resources Environmentally Sustainable Societies

© Cengage Learning 2015 Overall ___________ that combines environmental ____________ with ______________ for all life Social scientists suggest it only takes _______% of the population to bring about major social change Significant _________ change can occur more quickly than we often think A More Sustainable Future is Possible

© Cengage Learning 2015 A more sustainable __________will require that we: –Rely more on energy from the ________ and other renewable energy sources –____________ biodiversity through the preservation of natural capital –Avoid disrupting the earth’s vitally important ____________cycles A major goal for becoming more sustainable is __________ pricing—the inclusion of harmful environmental and health costs in the market prices of goods and services We will benefit ourselves and future generations if we commit ourselves to: –Finding _______________solutions to our problems –Leaving the planet’s life-support system in at least as good a shape as what we now enjoy Three Big Ideas

© Cengage Learning 2015 The key to environmental solutions –Apply the ___________________________to the design of our economic and social systems, and individual lifestyles The ______ century’s transition generation will decide the path which humanity takes Tying It All Together