“ CO-R-N ” clockwise When viewing down from H to C-alpha  L-amino acid Proteins are built from 20 kinds of alpha-amino acids. 21 st aa = selenocysteine.

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Presentation transcript:

“ CO-R-N ” clockwise When viewing down from H to C-alpha  L-amino acid Proteins are built from 20 kinds of alpha-amino acids. 21 st aa = selenocysteine

Free -SH group of cysteine: -Reacts readily with heavy metals -Easily oxidized S S

pKa Three- and one-letter codes for amino acids

Insulin sequence Disulfide bond

Modified amino acid residues

Peptide unit: -Rigid -Usually trans -Dipole moment H Rotation around this C-N bond is not free.

These two bonds are free to rotate.

Alpha-helix has a large dipole moment

Antiparallel beta-sheet Collagen sequence Proteins: -Fibrous proteins eg. keratin, collagen, silk -Globular proteins

G, Gly Collagen triple helix

Myoglobin is rich in alpha-helices.

Ribonuclease: beta and alpha 4 disulfide bonds

Beta-alpha-beta motif: The crossover connection is nearly always right- handed. Hemoglobin: tetramer Poliovirus: 60-mer

Antibody light chain: beta-sandwich Ribonuclease sequence

Proteins can be easily denatured. Refolding of proteins is very difficult.

Conformational change is important for function.