Recall: Finding eigvals and eigvecs
Recall: Newton’s 2 nd Law for Small Oscillations Equilibrium: F=0 ~0
Systems of 1st-order, linear, homogeneous equations 1.How we solve it (the basic idea). 2.Why it matters. 3.How we solve it (details, examples).
Solution: the basic idea
General solution
Systems of 1st-order, linear, homogeneous equations 1.Higher order equations can be converted to 1 st order equations. 2.A nonlinear equation can be linearized. 3.Method extends to inhomogenous equations. Why important?
Conversion to 1 st order
Another example Any higher order equation can be converted to a set of 1 st order equations.
Nonlinear systems: qualitative solution e.g. Lorentz: 3 eqns chaos Stability of equilibria is a linear problem °qualitative description of solutions phase plane diagram
2-eqns: ecosystem modeling reproduction starvation eating getting eaten
Ecosystem modeling reproduction starvation eating getting eaten OR: Reproduction rate reduced Starvation rate reduced
Ecosystem modeling
Linearizing about an equilibrium 2 nd -order (quadratic) nonlinearity small really small
The linearized system Phase plane diagram
Linear, homogeneous systems
Solution
Interpreting σ
General solution
N=2 case yesterday
b. repellor (unstable)a. attractor (stable) c. saddle (unstable) d. limit cycle (neutral) e. unstable spiral f. stable spiral Interpreting two σ’s
Need N>3
b. repellora. attractor c. saddle d. limit cycle e. unstable spiral f. stable spiral Interpreting two σ’s
The mathematics of love affairs (S. Strogatz) R(t)= Romeo’s affection for Juliet J(t) = Juliet’s affection for Romeo Response to own feelings (><0) Response to other person (><0)
The mathematics of love affairs (S. Strogatz) R(t)= Romeo’s affection for Juliet J(t) = Juliet’s affection for Romeo Response to own feelings (><0) Response to other person (><0)
Example: Out of touch with feelings
Limit cycle R J
Example: Birds of a feather
negative positive if b>a negative if b<a b<a: both negative (romance fizzles) b>a: one positive, one negative (saddle …?) both real c. saddle growth eigvec decay eigvec
Example: Birds of a feather negative positive if b>a negative if b<a b<a: both negative (romance fizzles) b>a: one positive, one negative (saddle …?) both real
Example: Birds of a feather negative positive if b>a negative if b<a b<a: both negative (romance fizzles) b>a: one positive, one negative (saddle …?) both real
Example: Birds of a feather
R J
R J
R J
Why a saddle is unstable R J No matter where you start, things eventually blow up.