Continued on next slide.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Answers: 1.In individual therapy, you have the therapist’s full attention. In group therapy, clients learn by interrelating with other group members.  2.They can see how others react to them.  3.They can see more clients, and they can avoid problems with transference.

Reader’s Guide Main Idea –Psychotherapy is a general term for the several approaches used by mental health professionals to treat psychological disorders.  Objectives –Describe the role of a therapist. –Explain the nature of psychotherapy.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1 begins on page 485 of your textbook.

Vocabulary –eclectic approach  –placebo effect  –empathy  –group therapy –psychotherapy  Reader’s Guide (cont.) Click the Speaker button to listen to Exploring Psychology. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1 begins on page 485 of your textbook.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. When people become dissatisfied or distraught with life and suspect that the reason lies within themselves, they often seek therapy, which refers to treatment of behavioral, bodily, or psychological disorders.  Mental health professionals who have been trained to deal with the psychological problems of others include psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers.  The special kind of help they provide is called psychotherapy. Introduction

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Psychotherapy involves three things:  psychotherapy any treatment used by therapists to help troubled individuals overcome their problems –verbal interaction between a therapist and client  –the development of a supportive and trusting relationship  –an analysis by the therapist of the client’s problems, including suggestions for overcoming those problems Introduction (cont.)

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In early times people often thought that psychological disturbances represented some sort of moral or religious problem.  Psychological disorders slowly came to be thought of as diseases, and the term mental illness was applied to many psychological problems.  That psychological disturbance is seen as the symptom of a disease has helped reduce the stigma associated with such problems. The Nature of Psychotherapy

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. One of the functions of psychotherapy is to help people realize that they are the only ones who can really solve their problems.  The major task of the therapist is to…  Functions of Psychotherapy –help people examine their way of living.  –understand how their present way of living causes problems.  –help people start living in new, more beneficial ways.

There are many different kinds of therapy, only a few of which will be described in this chapter:  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Main Kinds of Therapy –psychoanalysis  –humanistic approaches to treatment  –cognitive approaches to treatment  –behavioral approaches to treatment  –biological approaches to treatment

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Some psychotherapists stick rigorously to one style and consider the others useless.  eclectic approach method that combines various kinds of therapy or combinations of therapies Other psychotherapists use an eclectic approach to therapy, choosing methods from many different kinds of therapy and using the one that works best. Main Kinds of Therapy (cont.)

Types of Psychotherapies

The primary goal of psychotherapy is to strengthen the patient’s control over his or her life.  placebo effect the influence that a patient’s hopes and expectations have on his or her improvement during therapy One of the most important factors in effective treatment is the patient’s belief or hope that he can change.  The influence that a patient’s hopes and expectations have on his improvement is often called the placebo effect. Goals of Therapy

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The placebo effect does not imply that problems can be solved simply by fooling the patient.  Therapy goes beyond the placebo effect.  It combines the patient’s belief that he can change with hard work and professional guidance. Goals of Therapy (cont.)

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In American society, there are many people who practice psychotherapy.  Some, like clinical neuropsychologists, are trained in psychology and physiology; others, like counseling psychologists, have different forms of formal training. Who Are Therapists?

Kinds of Therapists

Kinds of Therapists (cont.)

There are three characteristics found in effective therapists.  empathy capacity for warmth and understanding –A therapist needs to be psychologically healthy.  –Another important characteristic is empathy, a capacity for warmth and understanding.  What Makes a Good Therapist? –A good therapist must be experienced in dealing with people and understanding their complexities.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In some forms of therapy, the patient is alone with the therapist.  group therapy patients work together with the aid of a leader to resolve interpersonal problems In group therapy, however, they are in the company of other patients. Group Therapies

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. There are several advantages to this situation.  –Patients have a chance to see how other people are struggling with problems similar to their own, and they discover what other people think of them.  –The patients can correct their views of themselves and others (Drum, 1990).  –The patients can see other people with similar problems recovering, giving them a hope of recovery.  –One therapist can help a large number of people. Group Therapies (cont.)

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Therapists often suggest, after talking to a patient, that the entire family unit should work at family therapy.  The family therapist can point out what is happening from an objective viewpoint and can suggest ways of improving communication and fairness in the family.  Some of the most successful examples of family therapy are provided in nonprofessional organizations, such as self-help groups. Family Therapy

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. An increasing number of self-help groups have emerged in recent years.  These voluntary groups, composed of people who share a particular problem, are often conducted without the active involvement of a professional therapist.  The best-known self-help group is Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), which was founded in  The purpose of Alcoholics Anonymous is “to carry the AA message to the sick alcoholic who wants it.” Self-Help Groups

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. There are also AA groups for family members for mutual support.  Mutual encouragement, friendship, and an emphasis on personal responsibility are used to keep an individual sober. Self-Help Groups (cont.)

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In 1952 Hans Eysenck concluded that psychotherapy was no more effective than no treatment at all.  According to Eysenck only 44 percent of the psychoanalytic patients improved with treatment, while 64 percent of those given eclectic psychotherapy were “cured” or had improved. Does Psychotherapy Work?

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Eysenck argued that this did not demonstrate the effectiveness of psychotherapy, since it has been reported that 72 percent of a group of hospitalized neurotics improved without treatment.  Allen Bergin (1971) countered with the argument that precise criteria for “improvement” are difficult to define and apply. Does Psychotherapy Work? (cont.)

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Mary Lee Smith and Gene V. Glass (1977) found that therapy is generally more effective than no treatment.  They also found that on the average most forms of therapy have similar effects; that is, therapy may improve the quality of life for the patients.  Smith and Glass were able to show that for some specific clients and situations, some forms of therapy would be expected to have a greater effect than others. Does Psychotherapy Work? (cont.)

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1: What Is Psychotherapy? Mental health professionals who have been trained to deal with the psychological problems of others include counseling and clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers.  An important function of psychotherapy is to help people realize that they are responsible for their own problems and that they are the only ones who can really solve these problems.

Psychology Journal (Section 1) One goal of psychotherapy is to help people realize that they can resolve their own problems. Make a list of the ways a therapist can help someone find solutions to his or her problems.

Psychiatric nurses dispense medication or act as the “contacts” in the long hours between counseling sessions. The nurses’ words and gestures help clients deal with the day-to-day problems of emotional recovery. They are in a very real sense “the therapy in between the therapy.”

1 The Jack Brown Center treats Native American clients with substance abuse problems. One type of therapy it employs is art therapy. It describes the concept of art therapy as follows: “… all the marks we make on paper, all the colors and graphic gestures we choose and use, are extensions of ourselves and of what we think and feel. Art therapy is especially valuable for those to whom words come too easily or too hard.” Source: Cherokee Nation Behavioral Health Service at

Looking at the Issues 1.1 In the world of managed care and limited coverage of psychological services by most health insurers, group therapies have increased in popularity.  Group Therapy Group therapies allow one therapist to treat more clients and make better use of time.  Many group therapy sessions last for relatively brief periods, with 6 to 12 sessions common.  Some insurers cover group therapy; others do not.  Should psychological services be covered as a standard part of all health plans? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Click the picture to listen to a biography on Dorothea Dix. Be prepared to answer questions that appear on the next three slides. Profiles in Psychology 1.1 This feature is found on page 487 of your textbook. Dorothea Dix 1802–1887

Profiles in Psychology 1.2 For what is Dorothea Dix best remembered? She is best remembered as an activist for the rights of the mentally ill. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. This feature is found on page 487 of your textbook. Dorothea Dix 1802–1887

Profiles in Psychology 1.3 How did she raise awareness of the plight of the mentally ill? After seeing the inhumane condition in which the mentally ill were forced to live, she reported what she saw to the public and to state legislatures. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. This feature is found on page 487 of your textbook. Dorothea Dix 1802–1887

Profiles in Psychology 1.4 What were the results of her efforts? Her efforts resulted in reforms in the prison systems and in the treatment of those with psychological disorders. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. This feature is found on page 487 of your textbook. Dorothea Dix 1802–1887