Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads

A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is home to salons – gatherings where thinkers discuss ideas

Diderot’s Encyclopedia French philosophe Denis Diderot begins publishing Encyclopedia in 1751 –Set of books to which Enlightenment thinkers contribute essays Encyclopedia articles anger French government, catholic Church Encyclopedia helps spread Enlightenment ideas across Europe

New Artistic Styles Neoclassical Style Emerges –Pre-Enlightenment style is baroque – grand ornate design –Enlightenment style is neoclassical, based on Greek/Roman themes

Baroque Music Representative Composers –Antonio Vivaldi –Johann Sebastian Bach –George Friedrich Handel

Antonio Vivaldi ( ) Representative Works –Most famous work Le quattro stagioni (The Four Seasons) written in –46 operas –76 sonatas –Chamber music –Sacred music

Johann Sebastian Bach ( ) Representative Works –cantatas –chorales –organ works –lute music –chamber music –canons and fugues Famous piece: “Jesu Joy of Man’s Desiring”

George Frederick Handel ( ) Representative Works –42 operas –29 oratorios –120 cantatas, trios, duets –numerous arias –chamber music Most famous work: Messiah oratorio traditionally performed during the Christmas season, including “Hallelujah Chorus”.

Changes in Music and Literature Classical music emerges; lighter, more elegant than earlier style –Led by composers such as Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven Novel emerges; works of fiction with detailed plots and characters Samuel Richard’s Pamela is considered first true English novel

Classical Music Representative Composers –Joseph Haydn –Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart –Ludwig van Beethoven

Joseph Haydn ( ) Known as “Father of the Symphony” and “Father of the String Quartet” Representative Works –104 Symphonies –numerous concertos for various instruments –15 operas –other music

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ( ) Representative works –23 operas –numerous symphonies “Toy Symphony” –concertos “Flute concerto no. 2 in D Major, K 314” –piano music –chamber music –sacred music masses

Ludwig van Beethoven Representative Works –Symphonies (5 th and 9 th probably the most famous) –Piano music “Fur Elise” –Vocal music Operas Choral music

Enlightenment and Monarchy Enlightened despots –Monarchs that embrace Enlightenment values to strengthen their rule

Frederick the Great –Frederick II, king of Prussia, reforms education and the justice system –Grants religious freedom, abolishes torture, fails to end serfdom

Joseph II Joseph II of Austria allows freedoms of worship and the press Abolishes serfdom, but the practice is reinstated after his death

Catherine the Great Enlightened ruler of Russia Seeks to abolish capital punishment and torture, but effort fails Responds to peasant revolt by giving nobles more power over serfs

Catherine Expands Russia In foreign affairs, Catherine successfully expands Russian empire Gains port access for Russia by seizing northern coast of Black Sea Seizes large parts of Poland, increasing Russia’s size