Support- framework that supports body and cradles its soft organs Protection- for delicate organs, heart, lungs, brain Movement- bones act as levers for muscles Mineral storage- calcium & phosphate Blood cell formation- hematopoiesis in flat bones

Long Bones- metacarples, metatarsals, phelangies, humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula Short Bones- carpals, tarsals Flat Bones- rib, scapula, skull, sternum (where RBC are made) Irregular Bones- vertebrae, some facial bones Sesamoid- patella

Tendons vs. Ligaments  Tendons bind muscle to bone.  Ligaments bind bone to bone.

Distal epiphysis Proximal epiphysis diaphysis yellow marrow epiphyseal line periosteum compact bone spongy bone Endosteum hyaline cartilage Sharpey’s fibers

Structure of Bones  Outside – has layer of fibrous connective tissue that helps rebuild if broken  Ends – Cartilage for cushion  Shaft – Ca / P – makes compression resistant  Collagen – makes flexible  Compact bone- yellow marrow - fat  Spongy bone – ends – Red marrow – RBC’s

 There are two types of bone marrow: red marrow (also known as myeloid tissue) and yellow marrow.  Red blood cells, platelets and most white blood cells arise in red marrow; some white blood cells develop in yellow marrow.  The color of yellow marrow is due to the much higher number of fat cells.  Both types of bone marrow contain numerous blood vessels and capillaries. At birth, all bone marrow is red.  With age, more and more of it is converted to the yellow type.  Adults have on average about 2.6kg (5.7lbs) of bone marrow, with about half of it being red.  Red marrow is found mainly in the flat bones such as hip bone, breast bone, skull, ribs, vertebrae and shoulder blades, and in the cancellous ("spongy") material at the proximal ends of the long bones femur and humerus.  Pink Marrow is found in the hollow interior of the middle portion of long bones. There are several serious diseases involving bone marrow.  In cases of severe blood loss, the body can convert yellow marrow back to red marrow in order to increase blood cell production. The normal bone marrow architecture can be displaced by malignancies or infections such as tuberculosis, leading to a decrease in the production of blood cells and blood platelets.

Cranium Facial Bones Cranium Facial Bones Anterior View

Cranium Facial Bones Cranium Facial Bones Lateral View

Posterior View

Inferior View

Warm and moisten air Lighten the skull Enhance voice resonance Frontal Sinus Ethmoid Sinus Sphenoid Sinus Maxillary Sinus

Cervical Vertebrae (7) Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Lumbar Vertebrae (5) Sacrum Coccyx Cervical Vertebrae (7) Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Lumbar Vertebrae (5) Sacrum Coccyx The Vertebral Column

Cervical Vertebrae

Sternum True Ribs (7) False Ribs (3) Floating Ribs (2) Sternum True Ribs (7) False Ribs (3) Floating Ribs (2) The Thoracic Cage

Sacrum & Coccyx

Bones of the Pectoral Girdle

Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges The Upper Limb (Forelimb)

Pelvis

Ischium Ilium Acetabulum Pubis Ischium Obturator foramen Pelvis (lateral view)

Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges The Lower Limb (Legs)

metatarsals phelangies tarsals metatarsals phelangies tarsals

Types of Joints  Types of Joints

Immovable Joints (synarthrosis) suture pubis symphisis

Slightly Movable Joint (ampharthrosis)

femur ligaments pelvis (diarthrosis)- freely moveable

femur pelvis hyaline cartilage synovial cavity joint capsule

Abduction Extension Rotation Flexion Adduction Synovial Joint Movement

275 bones 12 weeks (6-9 inches long)

cartilage calcified cartilage bone epiphyseal plate epiphyseal line Endochondral Ossification 2 o ossification center Fetus: 1 st 2 months AdultChildhood Just before birth

Osteoblast Osteocyte Osteoclast Eats bone Builds new bone Mature bone cell

Bone Repair: 1.Electrical stimulation of the fracture site: Increases speed and completeness of healing The e- stimulation inhibits PTH and slow osteoclasts down from reabsorbing bone 2. Ultrasound treatment: Daily treatments reduce healing time of broken bones by 25-35% 3. Free vascular fibular graft technique: Transplant fibula in arm Gives good blood supply not available in other treatments 4. Bone substitutes: Crushed bone from cadaver- but risk of HIV and hepatitis Sea bone- coral Artificial bone- ceramic

hematoma callus bony callus bone remodeling

Broken bones  - depends on strength of bone and angle of force  Stress fractures – constant use  Can heal on their own cause they are living cells.  Once healed, usually stronger

Osteoporosis  Until age of 30, still building bone density  Weak brittle bones  Treatment – vitamin D, calcium, other otc drugs

Diseases of the Skeletal System: Osteoporosis- bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit; bones become lighter and fracture easier Factors: age, gender (more in women) estrogen and testosterone decrease insufficient exercise (or too much) diet poor in Ca ++ and protein abnormal vitamin D receptors smoking

Osteoporosis

Rickets- vitamin D deficiency Osteomalacia- soft bones, inadequate mineralization in bones, lack of vitamin D Pagets Disease- spotty weakening in the bones, excessive and abnormal bone remodeling Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune reaction Diseases of the Skeletal System:

INQUIRY 1.What is a fontanel? 2.How many bones in the adult skeleton? 3.What is the difference between the appendicular and axial skeleton? 4.What is a meniscus? 5.Demonstrate adduction. 6.Weight bearing vertebrae are called? 7.What does an osteoclast do? Extra Credit: 1-page reaction paper on bipedalism and problems associated with our human frame. Attach article. Turn in 1-week from today.