Goal 1 Part I Launching the New Nation

Articles of Confederation *First attempt at a national government Problems / Weaknesses  No power to tax states (DEBT BUILDS UP)  No power to regulate trade / commerce  No national currency  No federal laws  No executive branch * What event proved that the government under the Articles of Confederation was ineffective and needed to be changed?______________

Federalist v. Anti-Federalist Federalist – supported a strong central government/ supported balance between state and national government  What level of government would gain power? Anti-Federalist – opposed a strong national / central government  What level of government would gain power?

Washington Problems as President (1) Creating a new government (2) Finding UNITY and TRUST with the American people “We are in a wilderness without a single footstep to guide us.” - James Madison (Father of the Constitution and 4 th Pres. of the U.S.)

Washington’s creation of the “Executive Branch” PURPOSE: to carry or execute laws 3 Executive departments (1) Department of State – foreign affairs (Thomas Jefferson) (2) Department of War – military affairs (Henry Knox) (3) Department of Treasury – manage finances (Alexander Hamilton) (Chief Lawyer of the Federal Court = Edmund Rudolph) These 4 make up the “CABINET” – chief advisors under the president

***Judiciary Act of 1789*** - Creation of the Judicial System & the Supreme Court - Judicial System – interprets the laws - Supreme Court is “Law of the Land” S.C. = 1 Chief Justice and 5 Assistant Justices - State court decisions were appealed to the Federal Court system when “Constitutional” issues were raised.

Hamilton and Jefferson Debate / Conflict ALEXANDER HAMILTON - supported a strong national government - favored by the NORTH (BANKERS / LANDOWNERS/ $) * LOOSE interpretation of the Constitution - FEDERALISTS THOMAS JEFFERSON - supported a state government - favored by the SOUTH (FARMERS/ Poor) -*STRICT interpretation of the Constitution - Anti-Federalist / Jeffersonian / DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS

MAIN RESULT OF HAMILTON AND JEFFERSON DEBATE / DIFFERENCES Result: “Split of the cabinet” – fought over the power and size of the federal government Created the *TWO PARTY SYSTEM* WASHINGTON HATES THE TWO PARTY SYSTEM

MOST SIGNIFICANT PROBLEM AMERICA FACED = DEBT!!!!!!!!!! Hamilton’s 4 Part Plan (1) Paying off all debts in full. “Funding at Par” Important: Respect from international markets and countries *Assumption: the Federal Government will “assume” all state debts as well Important: shows a sign of stability / simple unity PROBLEM: Massachusetts had a HUGE debt and liked the idea, but Virginia had a small debt and didn’t like the “assumption process” Outcome: The “ASSUMPTION CLAUSE” was passed and Virginia was promised the NEW National Capital of Washington D.C. on the Potomac River (border of Maryland and Virginia) Hamilton’s view on Debt: good thing ! *Why:___________________ (2) A tariff (tax on imports) ____________________________ (3) A tax on whiskey _________________________________ (4) A National Bank Main question: how can a “poor” country pay off $75 million of debt ?????

HAMILTON’S ECONOMIC PLAN - planned to manage the country’s (NATIONAL AND STATE) debt and set a up a national banking system **BANK OF THE UNITED STATES** / NATIONAL BANK - PURPOSE - to issue paper money and handle tax receipts -MAIN Problem with B.O.U.S: - The Constitution said NOTHING about the creation of such a bank & unhealthy alliance between fed. Government and rich What cabinet member opposes this? DEFENDING THE B.O.U.S. = (1) Assumption (2) “Necessary and Proper Clause” or Elastic Clause

Protective Tariff vs. Excise Tax “PROTECTIVE TARIFF”, an import tax on goods produced in other countries – supported American made goods GREED sets in….need more money! OVERALL GOAL OF A PROTECTIVE TARIFF??? _______________________________________________ *Hamilton (sect. of treasury) passes an “EXCISE TAX” – a tax on product’s manufacture, sale, or distribution WITHIN the United States! THE SOUTHERN FARMER would HATE / consistently oppose an “excise tax” Ex. Tax on corn = Whiskey

Whiskey Rebellion (1794) 1794 – Farmers refused to pay the excise tax on corn Farmer’s Problems (1) felt they were singled out to help the government pay off debt & threatened to secede! (2) *Taxation without Representation” - from Tennessee and Kentucky (not states yet so no one to represent them in Congress) Whiskey rebellion: Occurs in Pennsylvania (1794) Dilemma: Can the government force people to pay a tax?!? Washington’s response to Whiskey Rebellion: 13,000 troops sent to Pennsylvania…the revolt was crushed *Federal government wins! Anti-Federalist (Jeffersonian / States) reaction: Washington acted too harshly – using a sledgehammer to kill a gnat! **The VERY FIRST time the executive branch stepped up to enforce laws!!!!!** * Be able to compare Shays Rebellion to the Whiskey Rebellion

*T.Q. - Why would the Democratic- Republicans oppose the creation of the Bank of the United States?? A. Only states should have banks B. The Constitution did not say anything about or provide for a national bank C. The bank should not have the right to handle tax receipts D. Money should only be printed by states

Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation American Revolution triggers the French Revolution: French Revolution 1780s -1790s French Civil War (1) French citizens against French Government (2) French vs. other European countries Turning Point: “Reign of Terror” and the Guillotine wiped out the enemies of the revolution! U.S.(liberal / Jeffersonians) response: Democracy defeating a monarchy ! U.S. (conservative / Hamiltonians) response: hates the mobocracy in France WHAT SHOULD AMERICA DO?????????????????????????????? Problem: England fights the French (WHO DO AMERICANS SUPPORT NOW?) Jefferson Liberals: Support for France b/c FRANCO-AMERICAN TREATY / they helped us in Americans revolution …we should help them now! Hamilton Conservatives: Support for England b/c of heritage and Bank of the United States blueprint

WASHINGTON’S CHOICE Neutrality Proclamation (1793) Washington’s reaction to French Revolution (1793) / choosing liberal or conservative *******Proclamation of NEUTRALITY *********** - a statement that the U.S. would support NEITHER side in the conflict (stay out of war) ENGLISH reaction = THANKS!! French reaction = HIGHLY UPSET (FRANCO-AMERICAN TREATY) Edmond Genet’s Visit to America - Visited Charleston, S.C. in claims that Washington’s decision didn’t reflect the PEOPLE’S choice! - Genet’s Vision: the people would rebel against Washington’s Neutrality!

Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation French Revolution (French vs. French government) U.S. = Support? Washington’s reaction to French Revolution (1793) *******Proclamation of NEUTRALITY *********** - a statement that the U.S. would support NEITHER side in the conflict (stay out of war) French reaction = MAD!!!!

*Pinckney’s Treaty* (1795) U.S. treaty with SPAIN Spain controlled Miss. River / Louisiana Territory, Texas to California and Florida (at the time) Purpose: (1)(MOST IMPORTANT) to gain shipping rights along the Mississippi River (Result: American development of Miss. Area) (2) to make land claims EAST of the Appalachian Mountains (except Florida) (3) Access to the Port of New Orleans

Jay’s Treaty Supreme Court CHIEF Justice in 1796 ***PURPOSE*** - negotiate a treaty with Britain (to stay away from war = neutrality) - Outcome: (1) The U.S. would pay off all British debts! (for pre-revolutionary issues) (2) British were allowed to continue trade on the American side of the Canadian/American border. (S) (3) British will pay for damages inflicted by impressments (did not promise it would stop!) (N) (4) War was avoided (ONLY good thing on the American side) Results: (1) Dem-Republicans (western settlers) HATED John Jay’s treaty! (2) Stronger ties between Federalist and British (UPSET SOUTHERNERS)

Jay’s Effigy! Southern View: Western Settler View: Northern View:

WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS Washington DOES NOT run for a third term but has a “FAREWELL ADDRESS” – (1796)- Topics: (1) PROMOTE NEUTRALITY = “Steer clear of permanent alliances” *Permanent Alliances are BAD!!!!!! (emergencies are ok!) (2) AVOID TWO PARTY SYSTEM (divisive) (What causes the 2 Party system??)

Possible short answer Questions for Goal 1 Test What was the significance of the Judiciary Act of 1789? What did the differences between Hamilton (Fed) and Jefferson (Dem. Rep) provide America? (T CHART) What was the overall purpose of the Bank of the United States? What did Washington support AND advise against in his Farewell Address? What is the difference between a protective tariff and an excise tax? Purpose of the Protective Tariff? What is the legacy of the Whiskey Rebellion? Why did people begin to not support the French in their revolution? What was the purpose of Edmund Genet’s visit to America? What did Pinckney’s Treaty provide America? Provide Britain? Why were Dem-Republicans upset with Jay’s Treaty?

Hamiltonian V. Jeffersonian Essay Directions: (1) Place yourself as either Hamilton or Jefferson. (2) Write a letter to your opposition, President Washington, excise tax collector, local farmer, or local banker arguing your view and how your points / beliefs will provide a more secure and developed nation. (3) You must persuade the other cabinet member to embrace your message. Try your best to negate or downsize the influence of the other cabinet member’s argument by providing a true understanding of the issues at hand. (4) Mandatory: Include 3 ideas from your cartoon handout Government /PoliticsForeign Issues EconomyCulture/Society Business Length: 1 page Due: Before you leave class today