Gregor Mendel and Genetics Gregor Mendel was a Swiss Monk who studied genetic traits in Pea Plants

Inheritance We each inherit 2 forms of each gene –1 from each parent in the sex cells or gametes (sperm and egg) –The genes code for the same traits (eyes, ears, fingers) but variations of those traits –Blue or Brown eyes, hairy knuckles, non-hairy knuckles, sickle cell /non-sickle cell –These variants are called alleles

Types of Inheritance Complete dominance: –One allele is dominant over the other – inheriting only one dominant allele will show this trait –The other allele is considered recessive – one needs to inherit this variant from both parents

Eye color Eye color is a complete dominance inheritance pattern: Brown is represented by B Blue is represented by b The genotype of a person with brown eyes could be: BB or Bb –One “B” from each parent and –a second “B” or ‘b’ from each parent The phenotype of BB or Bb is brown eyes

Heterozygous and Homozygous If both copies of the allele are the same, one is considered to be homozygous for that trait (BB OR bb) If one has two different alleles for a gene one is considered to be heterozygous for that trait (Bb)

Mendel’s “Laws” Law of Independent Assortment –Genes are usually inherited independent of each other (so you can be tall and blond, etc) –Mendel used Pea plants – he saw that each trait (flower color, height, seed color, seed shape) were all inherited separately from each other Law of Segregation – The genes are separated into gametes (sex cells) and reunited during fertilization

Seed Shape Pod Shape

Other Inheritance patterns Co-Dominance – neither gene is completely dominant – blood typing – type A, B, AB or i or type O X- linked – traits carried on the X chromosome Women’s genotype is XX ( and X from each parent) Men are XY – X from the mother, Y from father tend to be more likely in men because they have only 1 X-chromosome.

X- linked traits Women can be carriers – because they can have an X chromosome that doesn’t have the trait The trait won’t show but they can pass it on

Diagramming X-Linkage XX XY Female Male

X-Chromosome/ Y Chromosome

Punnett Squares A heterozygous parent has genotype: Bb A parent homozygous for blue eyes has genotype: bb \ \ \ \

Genetics is about Probabilities Bb x bb Look at the boxes that show all of the possible results: BB = Bb/bB = Bb = Genotype – what their allele distribution is: Phenotype probabilities- what they will look like:

Heterozygous black guinea pigs are mated to homozygous white guinea pigs. Do the punnett square for this cross. (Use B for black and b for white) Genotype Ratios % BB %Bb %bb Phenotype Ratios % Black % White

Genetics Is Probabilities Each mating is a new “throw of the dice” Every time it is the same Women are XX Men are XY XY x XX What are the chances of having a boy?

Monohybrid Crosses When we look at the inheritance patterns of a single gene we call this a monohybrid cross When we look at the inheritance patterns of two genes at the same time we call this a dihybrid cross

How we indicate a X-linked trait We use a regular X with a subscript Indicator letter: Hemophilia is indicated As X h - it is recessive X h Y – This male will have hemophilia X h X – This female will not have hemophilia

Hemophilia – X-linked trait Hemophilia is a disease of bleeding. Why is it called an “X-linked” trait? X h – to show that the gene for hemophilia is on the chromosome.

Other Inheritance Patterns: Co –Dominance – Neither trait is fully dominant over the other (usually found in Blood Types) Incomplete dominance – There is some blending in the resulting traits – found in fur and feather color in some animals: There is a breed of chickens called “blues” – crossing a black

Carriers Hemophilia is a recessive gene – it needs to be on both X chromosomes for a female to have the disorder. If only 1 chromosome has it she is a Carrier We indicate a carrier this way: XX h – Notice only 1 of the X chromosomes carries the disorder X h X h - Female who HAS the disorder

Females are Carriers Why can’t males be carriers? We indicate a male with hemophilia this way: X h Y

Dihybrid Crossing What happens when you look at 2 different traits? When Mendel looked at the inheritance of two separate traits, he discovered that the outcome for each trait was unchanged from his examination of individual traits. He determined that most traits are inherited independently of others. This became his Principle of Independent Assortment

There are 4 different ways that the alleles for the seed color and seed shape can be combined. RY rY Ry ry These 4 possible combinations can result in 16 different genotypes R = Round r = wrinkled Y = Yellow y = green

Of the sixteen possible outcomes: How many are round and yellow? How many are wrinkled and yellow? How many are round and green? How many are wrinkled and green? Which color is dominant? __________ Which shape is dominant? ________________________

Punnett squares A female carrier and a normal male: Female carrier ______ Normal Male _________

Phenotype Ratios: Affected Males: Female carriers Affected Females Genotype Ratios: XY _____ Xhx _____ XX_____ XhXh___ Probability of having a child with hemophilia

Pedigrees Which are the males? Which are the females? Which is the unaffected family member? What kind of inheritance is this? = affected female = unaffected female = affected male = unaffected male

Solving a Pedigree Problem A)What are the likely genotypes of III1 and III2? B) What are the likely genotypes of offspring of III1 and III2? The black hair of guinea pigs is produced by a dominant gene B and white by its recessive allele b. Assume that II1 and II4 do not carry the recessive allele. Using this hint – Use text boxes to write the genotypes that you can determine