Unit 4: Sensation, Perception and States of Consciousness JHS AP Psychology Unit 4: Sensation, Perception and States of Consciousness Essential Task 4-5: Essential Task 4-5: Describe general principles of perception/ top down processing (organizing and integrating sensation) that promote stable awareness of the external world with specific attention to the Gestalt principles of figure/ground, closure, proximity, connectedness, similarity and the mono and binocular cues for depth perception). Logo Green is R=8 G=138 B=76 Blue is R= 0 G=110 B=184 Border Grey is R=74 G=69 B=64

Perceptual Constancies Sensation Vision The Eye Theories Hearing The Ear Other Senses Smell Taste Pain Gestalt Principles Perceptual Constancies Perception Basic Principles Visual Illusions Depth Perception We are here

States of Consciousness Altered States of Consciousness Waking Consciousness Daydreaming and Fantasy Sleep Circadian Rhythm Stages/REM Dreams Disorders Drug-Altered Consciousness Depressants Hallucinogens Stimulants Hypnosis Hidden Observer Actor Meditation Substance Abuse

Essential Task 4-5: Outline Describe general principles of perception/top down processing Gestalt principles of: Figure-ground closure proximity connectedness, similarity Depth perception Monocular cues Binocular cues

Our brains are meaning machines We organize the sensory information coming into our brains. We make assumptions about the sensory information. Oftentimes our perception is greater than the sum of the parts actually presented to our senses.

Sidewalk chalk art 3D art

Gestalt Psychology From the German word meaning ‘the whole’ Studied human perceptual self-organizing tendencies. Found that the brain creates a coherent perceptual experience that is more than simply the sum of the available sensory information AND it does this in predictable ways So predictable that artists can exploit our common perceptions to do things like 3D Art OBJECTIVE 3| Describe Gestalt psychology's contribution to our understanding of perception.

First step in visual PERCEPTION Determine Figure from the background (figure-ground) We organize the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground).

Examples of figure-ground OBJECTIVE 4| Explain the figure-ground relationship and identify principles of perceptual grouping in form perception. What you make the figure and what you back the background determines your perception

Examples of figure-ground

Figure-ground

Figure-ground examples

We organize by closure

Closure

We organize by Proximity

Proximity

Proximity and Closure

We organize by Similarity

Similarity

We organize by similarity

Continuity

Connectedness The Principle of Common Region states that objects that are within the same region are perceptually grouped together. 

They are predictable and therefore they can be exploited.

How do we perceive forms? Perceptual Constancy Our tendency to perceive objects as stable and unchanging despite changing sensory information Size constancy Shape constancy Color constancy

Depth Perception Depth perception enables us to judge distances. Gibson and Walk (1960) suggested that human infants (crawling age) have depth perception. Even newborn animals show depth perception. OBJECTIVE 5| Explain the importance of depth perception, and discuss the contribution of visual cliff research to our understanding of this ability. Visual Cliff

Binocular Cues Depth perception that you have because you have two eyes! Retinal Disparity Convergence

Binocular Cues: Retinal Disparity Retinal disparity: Images from the two eyes differ. While focusing far away try touching your fingers about 5 inches directly in front of your eyes. You will see a “finger sausage” The amount of disparity (difference) between the two images can be used as a cue for distance Try holding up two fingers one in front of the other. Focus on the front one (you should now see two images of the back one). Now move the back one away from, then back towards you, while still focusing on the front one.

Binocular Cues: Convergence Convergence: Neuromuscular cues. When two eyes move inward (towards the nose) to see near objects and outward (away from the nose) to see faraway objects. OBJECTIVE 6| Describe two binocular cues for perceiving depth, and explain how they help the brain to compute distance.

Monocular Cues Relative Size: If two objects are similar in size, we perceive the one that casts a smaller retinal image to be farther away. OBJECTIVE 7| Explain how monocular cues differ from binocular cues, and describe several monocular cues for perceiving depth.

Monocular Cues Interposition: Objects that occlude (block) other objects tend to be perceived as closer.

Monocular Cues Relative Clarity: Because light from distant objects passes through more light than closer objects, we perceive hazy objects to be farther away than those objects that appear sharp and clear.

Monocular Cues Texture Gradient: Closer objects tend to have a courser texture than to far way objects

Monocular Cues Relative motion: Objects closer to a fixation point move faster and in opposing direction to those objects that are farther away from a fixation point, moving slower and in the same direction.

Monocular Cues Linear Perspective: Parallel lines, such as railroad tracks, appear to converge in the distance. The more the lines converge, the greater their perceived distance.

Monocular Cues Light and Shadow: Nearby objects reflect more light into our eyes than more distant objects. Given two identical objects, the ones that are shaded on top are seen as “sticking out toward us”

Perception of Movement Apparent movement Illusion that still objects are moving Autokinetic illusion Perceived motion of a single object due to eye movements on an ‘impoverished background’ Stroboscopic motion (Click here) Created by a rapid series of still pictures Phi phenomenon Apparent motion created by lights flashing in sequence