Presented By: Team-2 Vishal Shrikant Vikas Setu Vishakha

Interface Cards Physical device plugged into PC’s I/O slots Has a physical address within PC’s I/O memory Used to provide connection between computers and other devices Examples of interface cards are ATA, SATA, PATA/IDE, SAS, Bluetooth, USB.

USB Stands for Universal Serial Bus Is an industry standard Developed in the 1990s Image source:wikipedia

Functionality Enumeration Types of data transfer include isochronous bulk interrupt

Present Scenario 10 billion+ installed units Growing at 3 billion units an year Most modern devices use some variation of USB. Future scope/Latest Updates USB Type- C or USB- C Google chromebook pixel, new Macbook using it.

Bluetooth Wireless technology standard for exchanging data using short distances Uses short wavelength ultra high frequency, UHF radio waves. Typical frequency ranges from 2.4 to GHz Invented by Ericsson in 1994

Functionality Uses technology called ‘frequency-hopping spread spectrum’. Bluetooth divides transmitted data into packets, and transmits each packet on one of the designated channels. Each channel has a bandwidth of 1MHz.

Dependencies Ensuring that transmitter and receiver are synchronized Some frequencies may experience Frequency select fading (fss).

Latest Market Updates Bluetooth 4.2 standard announced in December Samsung Galaxy Note 5 and Galaxy S6 Edge+ first to use. Faster and stable data transfer by as much as 2.5 times Doesn’t replace Bluetooth 4.0, hence compatible.

Small Computer System Interface(SCSI)  What is SCSI ?? SCSI is a set of standards for physically connecting and transferring data between computers and peripheral devices.  Components of SCSI 1.Initiator 2.Target 3.Service Delivery Subsystem  Different versions of SCSI 1.SCSI-2 2.Wide SCSI-2 3.Fast SCSI-2 4.Fast wide SCSI-2 5.Ultra SCSI-2 and so on…

Serial Attached SCSI(SAS)  What is SAS ?? SAS is a point-to-point serial protocol that moves data to and from computer storage devices such as hard drives and tape drives.  Components of SAS 1.Initiator 2.Target 3.Service Delivery Subsystem 4.Expander  Architecture  Different versions of SCSI 1.SAS-1 2.SAS-2 3.SAS-3 4.SAS-4

Firewire  What is Firewire?? FireWire is a method of transferring information between digital devices, especially audio and video equipments.  How Firewire Works ?  Uses of Firewire 1. Easy Distinction 2.Speed

IDE IDE stands for Integrated Drive Electronics. Integrated Drive Electronics, is a standard type of connection for storage devices in a computer.

What is it??

PATA CABLE The cables are connected to the motherboard and the drive. Each IDE/ATA cable can have two devices fitted and one must be set as master and the other as slave so that the system can recognize each drive separately to send and receive information from it.

SATA CABLES SATA is the faster serial version of the parallel ATA (PATA) interface. It is use to connect SATA HDD. Only one drive can be connected in a single SATA cable.

VERSIONS OF SATA SATA Data Transfer Rate Version MByte/sec Year 1.0 I II III Express

ADVANTAGES Increased data transfer rate: Easy cable management and cable length: Support for more drives: DISADVANTAGE SATA is that the cable allows for only one SATA hard drive to be connected at a time. Whereas a PATA cable allows for hooking up two PATA hard drives per cable.

RAID  Stands for Redundant Array of Independent Disks  What it is? RAID provides a way of storing the same data in different places.  Why it is used? The hardware-based system manages the RAID subsystem independently from the host and presents to the host only a single disk per RAID array.  Advantages of using Hardware RAID There's no added load to the server processor and buses.

Expansion Slots Alternatively referred to as a bus slot or expansion port. An expansion slot (expansion board) is an add-on circuit board that is used to connect devices such as modems, sound cards, graphics cards, and network interface cards to the computer. Some expansion devices that might be installed in these slots include video, network, sound, and disk interface cards. Types of expansion slots: 1. ISA (Industry Standard Architecture ) 2. PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) 3. AGP ( Accelerated Graphics Port ) 4. AMR (Audio/Modem Riser) 5. VESA (Video Electronics Standard Association) 6. CNR (Communication and Network Riser)

AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) AGP is a specialized expansion slot used only for a graphics or video card. It is found in both Macintosh and Windows based computers. AGP operates at a much faster speed than PCI. Only one AGP slot is provided on AGP-equipped motherboards. AGP slots are commonly rated as 1x, 2x or 4x which refers to the transfer rate of the slot. The transfer rate of the video/graphics card should match the transfer rate of the slot.

VGA or Video Card  What it is? A computer component which converts digital data into a graphical form which can be displayed on a monitor.  A video card's main components are: Graphical Processing Unit Video memory RAMDAC Video BIOS Interface

Functionalities: VGA cables carry an analog signal as opposed to a digital signal (ones and zeroes). VGA uses higher frequencies, as it helps to reach a relatively high range of video resolutions.

ISA Pioneer. Originally 8 bit proprietary bus ( it allowed only IBM to create peripherals). NIC, Audio and video card. Clock speed and practical data rate. Superseded by EISA

EISA 32 bits and allows more than one CPU to share the bus Better suited to bandwidth-intensive tasks such as disk access and networking. Backward compatible and not a proprietary bus. Obsolete.

AMR Used to interface chipsets to provide analog functionality (such as sound card and modem.) It has 23 pins each row. Drawbacks It consumes a PCI slot It is not pnp. It does not allow hardware accelerated cards. Concurrency Technologically it has paved way for CNR.

CNR Communications and networking riser Used for specialized networking (NIC) and audio card. Two rows of 30 pins each. Not Backward compatible. Replaced by PCI.

PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) PCI is the most common expansion slot found in modern computers. It is found in both Macintosh and Windows based computers. PCI slots provide a high-speed data path between the computer and peripheral devices connected by expansion cards. Many types of expansion cards are available. These include network interface cards, sound cards, graphic cards, modem cards and cards that supply extra ports for the computer. There are typically two to four PCI slots on the motherboard.

Market updates RevisionYearFrequency MHz Width Bits Speed Mb PCI PCI - X PCI – X

PCIe Serial bus designed to replace PCI It is available in different formats: x1, x2, x4, x8, x12, x16, and x32. The data transmitted over PCI-Express is sent over wires called lanes in full duplex mode. Each lane is capable of around 250MBps and the specification can be scaled from 1 to 32 lanes. With 16 lanes PCI Express supports a bandwidth of up to 4,000MBps in both directions.

Motherboard

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