Simultaneous EEG and EMG Biofeedback for Peak Performance in Musicians N.Pop-Jordanova, O.Bazanova*, D. Georgiev**, A.Kondratenko***, O.Kondratenko***, S.Markovska-Simoska**, J.Mernaya* Faculty of Medicine, Skopje *Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk **Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje *** Macedonian Music Academy, Skopje N.Pop-Jordanova, O.Bazanova*, D. Georgiev**, A.Kondratenko***, O.Kondratenko***, S.Markovska-Simoska**, J.Mernaya* Faculty of Medicine, Skopje *Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk **Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje *** Macedonian Music Academy, Skopje Conjunct COST B27 and SAN Scientific Meeting, Swansea, UK, September 2006

Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, The title, The title, the affiliation the affiliation the aim the aim The title, The title, the affiliation the affiliation the aim the aim Macedonia Russia

"Never must your fingers stand in the way of your artistic interpretation," Carl Czerny "Never must your fingers stand in the way of your artistic interpretation," Carl Czerny

The EMG and EEG features of musical performance skills The EMG and EEG features of musical performance skills Biofeedback for musical performance skills Biofeedback for musical performance skills STATEMENTSSTATEMENTS

.Musical performance skills rely on cognitive processes of awareness and optimal muscle activation without increasing the tension of muscles which do not participate in the execution. (Bernstein, 1967)

Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, (Lotze M. & al. 2003) Skilled musicians use much less motor areas of brain than non musicians

(Petsche & Etlinger, 1998, Hassler 2000, Bazanova & al 2003, Bazanova &Kondratenko, 2005) The electrophysiological indices of OPTIMAL functioning of musician-performer

EMG - Biofeedback reduces on target muscle tension of musicians performers Biofeedback in training for musical performance (Hale,1981; Zinn et Zinn, 2003; Paterson et al 2005) Theta/alpha training for musicality Egner,Gruzeleir 2003

Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, InterfaceInterface Monitor presentation Biofeedback signal EMG Sensors EEG Sensors

Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, Alpha peculiarities (Kaiser, 2001; Hanslmayr et al., 2005)

Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, AIMS AIMS 1 2

Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, To compare responses of musicians with high and low individual alpha peak frequency to usual practice and practice combined with long term simultaneous individual alpha increasing and EMG decreasing biofeedback training. To investigate the impact of alpha-EEG/EMG biofeedback on electrophysiological and psychometric parameters in musicians. AIMS

Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, Methods Methods Participants Procedure Biofeedback Data analysis

Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, Control Group(23) Experimental group(28) IAPFlow ≤10Hz high >10Hz low ≤10Hz high >10Hz total male5466 female7788 piano4356 wind inst.3344 violin5453 viola11

Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, Concert performance Practicing Alpha-EEG/EMG Biofeedback Psychometric tests

Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, Experimental group (BFB) Control group Low IAPF ≤10HZ High IAPF >10 Hz Low IAPF ≤10HZ High IAPF >10 Hz Interview, Psychometric tests Concert – (Performance) EEG-EMG status monitoring ALPHA-EMG BFB Usual musical practice EEG-EMG status monitoring Interview, Psychometric tests Concert – (Performance) Procedure

Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, Psychometric instruments Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety Inventory Rheinberg Self-actualization Inventory Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety Inventory Rheinberg Self-actualization Inventory

Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, Experimental group (BFB) Control group Low IAPF ≤10HZ High IAPF >10 Hz Low IAPF ≤10HZ High IAPF >10 Hz Interview, Psychometric tests Concert – (Performance) EEG-EMG status monitoring ALPHA-EMG BFB Usual musical practice EEG-EMG status monitoring Interview, Psychometric tests Concert – (Performance) Procedure

Concert performance Double blind expert evaluationDouble blind expert evaluation –video –unknown students CriteriaCriteriatechniquerhythmmusicality Double blind expert evaluationDouble blind expert evaluation –video –unknown students CriteriaCriteriatechniquerhythmmusicality quality of sound creativity creativity intonation intonation

Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, Experimental group (BFB) Control group Low IAPF ≤10HZ High IAPF >10 Hz Low IAPF ≤10HZ High IAPF >10 Hz Interview, Psychometric tests Concert – (Performance) EEG-EMG status monitoring ALPHA-EMG BFB Usual musical practice EEG-EMG status monitoring Interview, Psychometric tests Concert – (Performance) Procedure

Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, Concert performance Practicing Alpha-EEG/EMG Biofeedback Psychometric tests

Twice per week during two months: Experimental group Control group Alpha-EEG/EMG BFB with practice Usual practice

Alpha-EMG Biofeedback Arrows directed up and down indicate successful episodes of meeting training criteria. EEG EMG

Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, Successful periods Alpha Power EMG Power successfulunsuccessful

Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, Methods. Alpha activity EEG analysis

Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, Methods. Alpha activity EEG analysis IAPF Individual Alpha Peak Frequency IAPF IABW Individual Alpha Band Width IABW IAAS Individual Amount Alpha Suppression IAAS

Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, Eyes closed condition for IAPF Eyes closed condition for IAPF Eyes open vs. eyes closed condition for IABW and IAAS Eyes open vs. eyes closed condition for IABW and IAAS Methods. Alpha activity EEG analysis

Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, Methods: Alpha activity EEG analysis Individual Alpha Band Width (IABW) Cut-off criteria = 20%

Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, Methods: Alpha activity EEG analysis Individual Alpha Band Width (IABW)

Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, Methods: Alpha activity EEG analysis Individual Amount of Alpha Suppression (IAAS)

Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, Methods. EMG analysis IEMG – Integrated EMG, averaged over 100ms Raw EMG Int EMG

Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, Measurements ANOVA/MANOVA designs EEG indices – Alpha power, IAPF, IABW, IAAS Four-way repeated measures ANOVAs: Group (Control; BFB)_ IAPF (<10Hz, ≥10Hz)_ PrePost (pre-Pr, post-Pr, pre- BFB, post-BFB)_ Localization (F3, F4, C3, C4, P3, P4, O1, O2) CoherenceFour-way repeated measures ANOVAs: Group (Control; BFB)_ IAPF (<10Hz, ≥10Hz)_ PrePost (pre-Pr, post-Pr, pre- BFB, post-BFB)_ Localization (F3-F4, F3-C3, F3-F4, F3-P3, F3-P4, F3-O1, F3-O2) IntEMGThree-way repeated measures ANOVAs: Group (Control; BFB)_ IAPF (<10Hz, ≥10Hz)_ PrePost (pre-Pr, post-Pr, pre- BFB, post-BFB) State anxiety, Trait anxiety, Self actualization Expert estimation scores Three-way repeated measures ANOVAs: Group (Control; BFB)_ IAPF (<10Hz, ≥10Hz)_ PrePost (pre-Pr, post-Pr, pre- BFB, post-BFB) Methods:Statistical analysis

RESULTSRESULTS Comparison of musicians with high and low IAPF Impact of usual practice and alpha-EEG/EMG BFB

Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, Results: Difference between Low and High IAPF groups in baseline conditions Expert estimation * * * * * *

Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, Results: Difference between Low and High IAPF groups in baseline conditions Psychometric scores * *

Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, low ≤10Hz high >10Hz T-test; IAAS 7679t = 0.78, n.s. IABW (Hz) 4.43± ±0.79t = 0.95, n.s. Alpha power (µV 2 ) 21.23± ±7.55t = 2.87, n.s. Coherence in Alpha 0.68± ±0.04t = 4.34; p = IntEMG (μV2) 16.7± ± 1.45t = 5.42, p < Results: Difference between Low and High IAPF groups in baseline conditions EEG and EMG indices

Results: Difference between Low and High IAPF groups in baseline conditions * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * usual practice (30 min) alpha-EEG/EMG BFB (30 min) EEG and EMG response to

Results: Correlations IAPFIABWIAASIntEMG Technique r=0.54; p<0.002 r=-0.54; p<0.000 Creativity r=0.55; p<0.004 Selfactualization r=0.43; p<0.002 Sound quality r=-0.71; p<0.008 EFC(%) r=0.58; p<0.000 Musicality r=0.49; p<0.001

After two months… Usual practice Alpha-EEG/EMG BFB Expert estimation * * * *

After two months… Psychometric scores In control group with usual practice In control group with usual practice In experimental group with Alpha-EEG/EMG BFB In experimental group with Alpha-EEG/EMG BFB * * * *

After two months… EEG and EMG indices * * * * * * In control group with usual practice In control group with usual practice In experimental group with Alpha-EEG/EMG BFB In experimental group with Alpha-EEG/EMG BFB

Efficiency of the biofeedback training * * * * * * * * * * * * * * In control group with usual practice In control group with usual practice In experimental group with Alpha-EEG/EMG BFB In experimental group with Alpha-EEG/EMG BFB

Correlations:

Conclusions Both, low and high IAPF group showed improvement in the individual alpha and EMG parameters after two months alpha increasing and EMG decreasing biofeedback training. Alpha-EEG/ EMG BFB is efficient in increasing voluntary self-control in musicians during musical performance Both, low and high IAPF group showed improvement in the individual alpha and EMG parameters after two months alpha increasing and EMG decreasing biofeedback training. Alpha-EEG/ EMG BFB is efficient in increasing voluntary self-control in musicians during musical performance

Dejan Georgiev Silvana Markovska – Simoska, Nada Pop-Jordanova. Dejan Georgiev Silvana Markovska – Simoska, Nada Pop-Jordanova. Olga M. Bazanova Anna Kondratenko, Oleg Kondratenko Jeugenia Mernaya, Thank you for your attention