Jus Soli: by birth anywhere on land considered American soil. Jus Sanguinis: born on foreign soil but your parent is a U.S. citizen. Naturalization: process by which individuals who are not yet citizens become U.S. citizens. Act of Congress: can pass law naturalizing entire group ex all Native Americans were made citizens. Treaty: acquire new territory and make the people citizens. Ex Louisiana Purchase

 Area that is self-governing under a constitution of its adoption and whose right of self-government will not be unilaterally withdrawn by Congress.  Part of the United States as a territory  They are represented in Congress by a Resident Commissioner with a voice but without a vote.  Residents of Puerto Rico generally do not pay federal income taxes Only required to file a U.S. federal income tax return if they have income sources outside of Puerto Rico.  Can enter the U.S., work, travel freely and live without a visa.  They cannot vote in Presidential elections.

 Application-18 yrs. of age, fingerprint, & background check. $ fee  Examination-INS office, basic knowledge of history and government, speak some English.  Swearing In-Appear before a judge, take the oath of allegiance, receive a certificate.

 "I hereby declare, on oath, that I absolutely and entirely renounce and abjure all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state, or sovereignty, of whom or which I have heretofore been a subject or citizen; that I will support and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States of America against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I will bear arms on behalf of the United States when required by the law; that I will perform noncombatant service in the Armed Forces of the United States when required by the law; that I will perform work of national importance under civilian direction when required by the law; and that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; so help me God."

 Expatriation: banish a person from their native country, renounce their citizenship, or become citizen of foreign country.  Punishment for a crime: citizenship can be taken away for treason, inciting rebellion, or of conspiring to violently overthrow the government.  Denaturalization: lose citizenship if the federal government learns that a naturalized citizen obtained his citizenship through fraudulent means.

No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States. Do you agree with this provision?

 Immigrant:  individuals who live in the U.S. with intention of becoming naturalized.  Alien:  individuals who live in the U.S. who may not intend to be citizens.  Enemy Aliens:  countries with whom we are at war, usually made to register. Ex. Germans-WWI

 Refugees:  immigrants granted entry because their homeland is unsafe.  Illegal Aliens:  enter the U.S. without a legal permit.  Xenophobia:  unreasonable fear or hatred of foreigners

 Visa  A card that gives you the right to enter the United States. Usually temporary set period of time, ex. business, school, tourism, etc.  Green Card  gives a permanent status to the foreigners to live and work in the United States. Usually 10 years.

 1882Immigration Act passed-move to curb Chinese immigration  1891INS-Immigration and Naturalization Service (U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services)  1917Literacy test introduced-xenophobia against Japanese  1921 Quota Act-attempt to restrict immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe

1948Displaced Persons Act (Post WWII) 1952McCarran-Walter Act-impose political views to keep out foreigners 1965Limit immigrants from the Western Hemisphere to 120, Refugee Act-help adapt to society, admit in emergency 1990Curb illegal immigration, no longer limit for political views

 Caps on extraordinary ability individuals ex. Arts and sciences  Caps on exceptional ability ex. Advanced degrees  Caps on skilled workers  Encourage family reunification

 5,000 new border agents  Use of wiretaps to halt document fraud and smuggling  Penalties for smuggling to include punish for each alien rather than incident  Deportation of legal immigrants if on federal assistance for 12 months  $12 million for border fencing

 Do you think immigrants should have to speak English before they are admitted?  Should children of illegal immigrants be entitled to benefits and government social services such as medical care and disaster relief? Drivers license?  Why not just open ourselves to the world?  Solve world’s problems before they reach us?  Admit only the talent we need?  Restrict all immigrants?

 Europe is being flooded by immigrants from Syria and other middle eastern countries ravaged by war and unrest.  Germany has grudgingly agreed to take thousands of these refugees.  How many potential terrorists are involved? Why don’t they flee to Muslim countries?  Will they agree to become westernized? Should they?  At what point should refugees be turned away?