RESPIRATION PRACTICALS

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Presentation transcript:

RESPIRATION PRACTICALS SPIROMETRY

Objectives Use a spirometer and determine lung volumes and capacities Define and provide values for the various lung volumes and capacities Recognize the physiological and some pathological factors that modify lung volumes and capacities

Spirometry is a pulmonary function test that measures lung volumes and capacities

Spirometer Drum inverted over a chamber of water with the drum counterbalanced by a weight In the drum is air or Oxygen A Tube connects the mouth with the gas chamber When one breathes in and out of the chamber, the drum rises and falls and an appropriate recording is made on a moving paper

Spirometer

Method Insert a sterilized mouthpiece Close the nose with the nose clip Take a normal breath through the mouthpiece for a short time then take a deep inspiration to fill the lungs completely, then breathe normally for a short time. Expire quickly, forcibly and as completely as possible, then breathe normally for a short time. Take a deep forceful inspiration and immediately expire quickly forcibly and as completely as possible, then breathe normally. The spirogram is recorded on a moving drum

Lung volumes Tidal volume: The amount of air that moves into the lungs with each inspiration (or the amount that moves out with each expiration) = 500ml. Inspiratory reserve volume: The extra volume of air that can be inspired above the normal tidal volume = 3000ml

Expiratory reserve volume: The volume expelled by an active expiratory effort after passive expiration ( after the end of a normal tidal expiration) = 1100ml Residual volume: The air left in the lungs after the most forceful expiration = 1200ml

Lung Capacities The inspiratory capacity : IC= TV+IRV The amount of air a person can breathe beginning at the normal expiratory level and distending the lungs to the maximum amount = 3500ml The functional residual capacity : FRC= ERV+RV The amount of air that remains in the lungs at the end of normal expiration =2300ml

The vital capacity: VC= IRV+TV+ERV The maximum amount of air a person can expel after maximal inspiration = 4600ml The total lung capacity: TLC= VC+RV The max volume to which the lungs can be expanded with the greatest possible inspiratory effort = 5800ml

Physiological factors influencing lung volumes and capacities Sex: female 20-25% less Age: ↓ VC Obesity: ↓ VC Height: ↑VC Athletes: ↑ VC

Pathological factors Vital capacity is decreased with : ↓lung volume: eg: surgical removal of lung tissues large tumors Restrictive lung disease: inability to fully expand the lungs. eg: Pneumonia, pulmonary edema, broken ribs Obstructive lung disease eg: Chronic bronchitis, asthma, foreign body Loss of elastic recoil eg: emphysema

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