1 Psychology 320: Psychology of Gender and Sex Differences October 16 Lecture 16

2 Office Hour Invitations October 18, 11:30-2:30, Kenny

3 Exam Preparation Tips The upcoming midterm exam will include questions unique to the textbook content (~25%), questions unique to the lecture content (~40%), and questions that reflect overlap between the two sources of information (~35%). You are encouraged to study both sources of information thoroughly.

With respect to the textbook content: Create questions with the titles and subtitles of sections. Use the content of each section to answer the questions that you have generated. 4 Construct learning objectives for each section of the textbook (what should I take away from this section?).

Familiarize yourself with all terms that are bolded or italicized. 5 Study all figures and tables. Identify the primary points of each section with key words or phrases and use these to test yourself.

With respect to the lecture content: Use the learning objectives to guide your studying. 6

7 You need not memorize the names of researchers who conducted idiosyncratic studies or the dates of those studies. However, you should familiarize yourself with the names of all major theorists (e.g., Bem). The goal of the exam is to assess your mastery of the course content and “jargon” of gender psychology.

In order to demonstrate your mastery of the course content on the extended response questions, you should provide thorough and detailed responses to the questions asked. The instructions for the extended response section will read: “Please respond to each of the questions below. Note that point form answers are acceptable. Your responses should be thorough and detailed. If necessary, you may write on the back side of the page. 8

9 The exam questions will assess your ability to recall, synthesize, and apply course content. Examples:

10 Recall: Which of the following is not among the attributes associated with the Cult of True Womanhood? a) Purity. b) Submissiveness. c) Domesticity. d) Piety. e) Emotionality.

11 Synthesize: Compare and contrast traditional sexism, modern sexism, hostile sexism, and benevolent sexism.

12 Apply: Research has identified a sex difference in aggression; the mean score for males is higher than the mean score for females. Considering sex differences in reproductive capacity and minimal parental investment, generate an evolutionary explanation to account for this documented sex difference in aggression. That is, generate a theory to explain this finding that is based on sex differences in reproductive capacity and minimal parental investment.

In order to correctly respond to questions that require synthesis and application, recall is necessary. The correlation between recall questions and synthesis/ application questions typically exceeds

The exam will cover: Chapters 1-4 All material discussed in class since the start of term. 14 Reminder: In the case of a discrepancy between the material presented in the textbook and the material presented in class, please rely upon the material presented in class for the purpose of exam preparation.

15 The exam will be held over two classes: Part A: October 23 (multiple choice questions) Part B: October 25 (extended response questions)

I will hold additional office hours and an exam review session in preparation for the exam: Friday, October 18: 11:30-2:30 (Kenny 3102) Monday, October 21: 5:00-6:00 (Kenny 2101, “Q&A” exam review session) Tuesday, October 22: 12:00-2:00 (Kenny 3102) 16 Announcement

17 The peer mentors (Derek, Natalie) will hold a tutorial tomorrow: When? 5:00-6:30 (Note change in time; study strategies and exam writing strategies will be discussed at the start of the tutorial.) Where? Kenny 2101 Reminder

A little R&R …. (Review and Reflect) 18

19 Biological Theories of Sex Differences 1. What biological theories have been proposed to explain sex differences? (continued)

20 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 2. review evidence that supports genetic contributions to sex differences in psychological characteristics. 1. describe the process of prenatal sex differentiation. 4. discuss the causes and symptoms of Klinefelter syndrome. 3. discuss the heritability of sex-related psychological characteristics.

21 2. Genetic Theories (continued) What biological theories have been proposed to explain sex differences? (continued)

ANDROGENIC HORMONES NO ANDROGENIC HORMONES 22

23  Research suggests that, in addition to sex differentiation, genes influence the psychological characteristics of the sexes.

24 Among the measures that participants completed were: the Adjective Checklist, occupational interests, and frequency of everyday activities.  Example 1: Twin Studies Lippa and Hershberger (1999; also see Loehlin et al, 2005; Knafo et al., 2005) Analyzed data collected from 839 same-sex pairs of twins.

25 Heritability statistics obtained: “Masculine” instrumentality =.36 “Feminine” expressiveness =.38 GD (0: “femininity”; 1: “masculinity”) =.53

26 Occurs among individuals with an XXY chromosomal pattern. Klinefelter Syndrome Incidence: 1/1000 – 3/1000 live births.  Example 2: Genetic Atypicalities

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28 Physical symptoms include: small firm testes small penis underdeveloped muscles rounded body type (i.e., wide hips) atypical body proportions tall build gynecomastia reduced facial/body hair language learning impairment decreased libido infertility epilepsy

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32 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 2. review evidence that supports genetic contributions to sex differences in psychological characteristics. 1. describe the process of prenatal sex differentiation. 4. discuss the causes and symptoms of Klinefelter syndrome. 3. discuss the heritability of sex-related psychological characteristics.