1. 1 Psychology 320: Psychology of Gender and Sex Differences October 22 Lecture 13

2. 2 Office Hour Invitations October 22, 2:30-4:30PM, Kenny 3102 16986144 20308110 29588143 33075110 34844126 36036144 54072153

3. 3 Tutorial 3 of the Peer Mentor Program is scheduled at the following times: October 27, 12:30-2:00PM, Swing 222 October 28, 4:30-6:00PM, Buch B303 The discussion questions for Tutorial 3 will be posted on the course website (see Peer Mentor Program). Reminder

4. 4 Questions 1. Example of recall question? 2. To what extent are we responsible for the “numbers” presented in class?

5. 5 Exam 1 The exam is worth 20% of your final grade. The exam will be scored out of 50 points: 30 multiple choice questions (1 point each), 5 extended response questions (2-6 points each; totaling 20 points).

6. Please arrive on time to facilitate rapid distribution of the exams. Bring a pencil, eraser, pen, and student ID to the exam. All electronic devices must be stored prior to the exam. Bags and backpacks should be left at the front of the room. Valuables may be placed under your seat. Turn in extra copies of the exam at the start of the examination period; university policy requires that all exams be accounted for before students are permitted to leave the examination room. 6

7. I will hold additional office hours and an optional Q&A review session in class in preparation for the exam: Tuesday, October 27: 8:30-10:30AM (Kenny 3102) Tuesday, October 27: 11:00AM-12:30PM (Swing 222, optional Q&A review session) Wednesday, October 28: 8:30-10:00AM (Buchanan A240) 7 Reminder

8. A little R&R …. (Review and Reflect) 8

9. 9 Biological Theories of Sex Differences 1. What biological theories have been proposed to explain sex differences? (continued)

10. 10 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 3. identify differences in the neuroanatomical features of the female brain and male brain. 2. discuss the causes and symptoms of Klinefelter syndrome and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. 1. review evidence that supports hormonal contributions to sex differences in psychological characteristics.

11. 11 Klinefelter Syndrome  Example 4: Hormonal Atypicalities What biological theories have been proposed to explain sex differences? (continued)

12. 12 Klinefelter Syndrome Recall: XXY chromosomal pattern, reduced testosterone production.

13. 13 Psychological symptoms include: “incomplete masculinization” and “feminization.”

14. 14 CAH is a genetically-based disorder that results in excessive androgen production in utero. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) Male fetuses are relatively unaffected by CAH. Female fetuses develop ”masculinized” genitalia.

15. 15 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

16. 16

17. 17 Ehrhardt, Epstein, and Money (1968) Examined 15 girls diagnosed with CAH. The behavioural profiles of the CAH participants were more “masculine” than those of controls, as indicated by: lower levels of anticipation of marriage, preference for career over marriage, less preference for doll play, less interest in infant care, a preference for boy’s clothes, a greater interest in outdoor activity.

18. 18 Hines, Brook, and Conway (2004) Examined 16 women and 9 men diagnosed with CAH. CAH women recalled more male-typical play behavior and reported less satisfaction with female sex assignment than female controls. CAH men did not differ significantly from male controls.

19. 19 4. Neuroanatomical Theories  Sex differences have been identified in brain structure.  Example 1: Interhemispheric Differences The functions of the brain are “lateralized.”

20. 20 Left hemisphere: Language production/comprehension, mathematics, and analytical reasoning. Right hemisphere: Visual-spatial problem solving, pattern recognition, perceptual/nonverbal skills, and musical ability.

21. 21

22. 22 A number of studies suggest that male brains are more lateralized than female brains: Voyer (1996): Conducted a meta-analysis of 396 studies; found greater brain lateralization among males than females for linguistic and visual-spatial abilities.

23. 23 Notably, some studies (e.g., Sommer et. al., 2004) have failed to replicate this finding. Sex differences in performance on verbal tasks and visual-spatial tasks have been attributed to sex differences in brain lateralization.

24. 24  Example 2: Hemispheric Connectivity Corpus callosum: A band of neural fibers that connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain. Some studies suggest that the posterior portion (i.e., splenium) of the corpus callosum is larger in females than males:

25. 25 Corpus Callosum

26. 26 On the basis of this difference, some researchers argue that the brain hemispheres communicate more effectively among females than males.

27. 27  Other Neuroanatomical Differences The brains of males are larger than the brains of females. Right vs. left hemisphere weight differences are smaller for females than for males. Neurons are more densely packed in the brains of females than in the brains of males.

28. 28 Long-term memory of emotional events: Associated with activity of the left amygdala in females and the right amygdala in males (Cahill et al., 2004). Memory of object location: Associated with activity of the left hippocampus in females and the right hippocampus in males (Frings et al., 2006).

29. 29 The sexually dimorphic nucleus is 2.5 times larger in adult males than adult females. Function unknown. The region in which it is located is associated with the regulation of gonadal hormones, sexual and parental behaviour, and gender identity (Breathnach, 1990).

30. 30 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 3. identify differences in the neuroanatomical features of the female brain and male brain. 2. discuss the causes and symptoms of Klinefelter syndrome and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. 1. review evidence that supports hormonal contributions to sex differences in psychological characteristics.

31. 31 Psychology 320: Psychology of Gender and Sex Differences To Date …. Introductory Concepts Research Methods History of Research Gender Stereotypes Biological Theories of Sex Differences

32. 32 Community Service Learning (CSL) Information Supplementary syllabus, organization information sheets, and application form are now available on the course website. Graded requirements: Discussion group attendance (2%), “articulated learning” journal entries (8%), end-of- placement paper (10%). Application due date: Thursday, November 5, submit in class. Requires letter of intent and resume.

33. 33 Eleven partner organizations: Beauty Night Society: Life Makeover Program CampOUT! Health Initiative for Men Leave Out Violence (LOVE) Society BC Options for Sexual Health Out in Schools UBC Student Development and Services: Sexual Assault Intervention and Prevention Project Vancouver and Lower Mainland Multicultural Family Support Service Society West Coast Legal Education and Action Fund (LEAF) YouthCO HIV & Hep C Society YWCA Metro Vancouver