Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case Microbiology B.E Pruitt & Jane J. Stein AN INTRODUCTION EIGHTH EDITION TORTORA FUNKE CASE Chapter 14 Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Principles of Disease and Epidemiology PathologyStudy of disease EtiologyStudy of the cause of a disease PathogenesisDevelopment of disease InfectionColonization of the body by pathogens DiseaseAn abnormal state in which the body is not functionally normally

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transient microbiota may be present for days, weeks, or months Normal microbiota permanently colonize the host Symbiosis is the relationship between normal microbiota and the host Normal Microbiota and the Host

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings In commensalism (تعايش), one organism is benefited and the other is unaffected. In mutualismتكافل)), both organisms benefit. In parasitism (تطفل), one organism is benefited at the expense of the other. Some normal microbiota are opportunistic pathogens. Normal Microbiota and the Host:

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.2 Locations of normal microbiota on and in the human body Normal Microbiota and the Host:

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microbial antagonism is competition between microbes. Normal microbiota protect the host by: occupying niches that pathogens might occupy producing acids producing bacteriocins Probiotics are live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect. Normal Microbiota and the Host:

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Koch’s Postulates I. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease. 2. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture. 3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal. 4. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Koch's Postulates are used to prove the cause of an infectious disease. Koch’s Postulates Figure

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Koch's Postulates are used to prove the cause of an infectious disease. Koch’s Postulates Figure

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classifying Infectious Diseases SymptomA change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease SignA change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease. SyndromeA specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease.

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classifying Infectious Diseases Communicable diseaseA disease that is easily spread from one host to another. Noncommunicable diseaseA disease that is not transmitted from one host to another.

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings IncidenceFraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time. Prevalence Fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time (تفشي). Sporadic diseaseDisease that occurs occasionally in a population (متقطع). Endemic diseaseDisease constantly present in a population مستوطن). Epidemic diseaseDisease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time (وبائي). Pandemic diseaseWorldwide epidemic. Herd immunityImmunity in most of a population. Occurrence of Disease

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Acute diseaseSymptoms develop rapidly Chronic diseaseDisease develops slowly Subacute diseaseSymptoms between acute and chronic Latent diseaseDisease with a period of no symptoms when the causative agent remains inactive Severity or Duration of a Disease

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Local infectionPathogens limited to a small area of the body Systemic infectionAn infection throughout the body Focal infectionSystemic infection that began as a local infection BacteremiaBacteria in the blood SepticemiaGrowth of bacteria in the blood Extent of Host Involvement

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ToxemiaToxins in the blood ViremiaViruses in the blood Primary infectionAcute infection that causes the initial illness Secondary infectionOpportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection Subclinical diseaseNo noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection) Extent of Host Involvement

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Make the body more susceptible to disease Short urethra in females Inherited traits such as the sickle-cell gene Climate and weather Fatigue Age Lifestyle Chemotherapy Predisposing Factors

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Stages of a Disease Figure 14.5

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reservoirs of infection are continual sources of infection. Human — AIDS, gonorrhea Carriers may have inapparent infections or latent diseases Animal — Rabies, Lyme disease Some zoonoses may be transmitted to humans (about 150 zoonoses) Nonliving — Botulism, tetanus Soil Reservoirs of Infection

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Contact DirectRequires close association between infected and susceptible host IndirectSpread by fomites DropletTransmission via airborne droplets Transmission of Disease

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transmission of Disease Figure 14.6a & 8

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings VehicleTransmission by an inanimate (غير حي) reservoir (food, water) VectorsArthropods, especially fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes MechanicalArthropod carries pathogen on feet BiologicalPathogen reproduces in vector Transmission of Disease

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transmission of Disease Figure 14.6b, c

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.7, 9 Are acquired as a result of a hospital stay 5-15% of all hospital patients acquire nosocomial infections Nosocomial (Hospital-Acquired) Infections

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure Relative frequency of nosocomial infections

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Common Causes of Nosocomial Infections Percentage of nosocomial infections Percentage resistant to antibiotics Gram + cocci34%28%-87% Gram – rods32%3-34% Clostridium difficile17% Fungi10%

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Diseases that are new, increasing in incidence, or showing a potential to increase in the near future. Contributing factors: Evolution of new strains V. cholerae O139 Inappropriate use of antibiotics and pesticides Antibiotic resistant strains Changes in weather patterns Hantavirus Emerging Infectious Diseases

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Contributing factors: Modern transportation West Nile virus Ecological disaster, war, expanding human settlement Coccidioidomycosis (Coccidioides immitis, a soil fungus) Animal control measures Lyme disease Public Health failure Diphtheria Emerging Infectious Diseases

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Collects and analyzes epidemiological information in the U.S. Publishes Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Morbidity: incidence of a specific notifiable disease Mortality: deaths from notifiable diseases Morbidity rate = number of people affected/total population in a given time period Mortality rate - number of deaths from a disease/total population in a given time Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)