To Kill a Mockingbird Chapters  Chapter Summaries  The Black Community  Lynchings & Lynch Mobs  Character Developments

To Kill a Mockingbird Chapters CHAPTER SUMMARIES Chapter 12 Jem and Scout’s changing relationship Atticus returns to state legislature Calpurnia takes Jem & Scout to her church – reaction/welcom e Scout finds out about alleged rape Chapter 13 Aunt Alexandra comes to take care of children Maycomb takes to Alexandra positively Development of contrast between “proper” and “improper” by the characters Chapter 14 Jem & Scout feel community looking at them Jem & Scout fight about Alexandra/Calp urnia Dill ran away to Finch’s house Chapter 15 Further contrast of “right” and “wrong” brought on by Alexandra Lynch Mob comes to jail but is broken up by Scout’s speech

To Kill a Mockingbird Chapters THE BLACK COMMUNITY The black community is introduced as a very spirited, upbeat and supportive group. The effect is that it makes the racial prejudice more hateful – nobody in the community respects Bob Ewell but the community sides with him because of the colour of his skin. The majority of the black community cannot read and they are poor, but they support their own members Church patrons have no hymnals, have no money – but still are able to support Mrs. Robinson Calpurnia connects the black community and the white community  Her use of language  Her disagreements with Alexandra  Her use of language  Her disagreements with Alexandra

To Kill a Mockingbird Chapters CHARACTER DEVELOPMENTS Jem  Growing up  Has learned lessons Scout  Childhood innocence  Still learning lessons  ”Lost” from all that is happening Scout Jem Calpurnia Aunt Alexandra As the novel progresses, the relationship between Jem and Scout changes. They begin to separate. Scout becomes influenced by three sources in these four chapters. What do each “tell” her?

To Kill a Mockingbird Chapters LYNCHINGS & LYNCH MOBS Lynching was a form of punishment for a presumed crime, often carried out by a mob or vigilantes without trial or any legal support. Lynching was a practice that occurred throughout the United States, (particularly in the south) against blacks accused of crimes against whites. Research shows that many of the crimes did not actually occur or were exaggerated. The hanging of an empty noose around a tree was a threat of intimidation against blacks and those who supported them. Some Southern states seemed to support lynchings for awhile. For example, the Governor of South Carolina, Benjamin Tillman, (d. 1918) once said: "We of the South have never recognized the right of the negro to govern white men, and we never will. We have never believed him to be the equal of the white man, and we will not submit to his gratifying his lust on our wives and daughters without lynching him." Some Southern states seemed to support lynchings for awhile. For example, the Governor of South Carolina, Benjamin Tillman, (d. 1918) once said: "We of the South have never recognized the right of the negro to govern white men, and we never will. We have never believed him to be the equal of the white man, and we will not submit to his gratifying his lust on our wives and daughters without lynching him."

To Kill a Mockingbird Chapters LYNCHINGS & LYNCH MOBS Thousands of Americans were victims of lynchings from the 1860s to the 1960s Lynchings were often public spectacles attended by many – some even proud to stand in front of the victim for photographs Seven Presidents who tried to outlaw lynchings were unsuccessful as the laws were voted against. It is now a crime and even tying an empty noose as a sign of hatred is illegal --- Strange Fruit Southern trees bear a strange fruit, Blood on the leaves and blood at the root, Black body swinging in the Southern breeze, Strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees. Pastoral scene of the gallant South, The bulging eyes and the twisted mouth, Scent of magnolia sweet and fresh, And the sudden smell of burning flesh! Here is a fruit for the crows to pluck, For the rain to gather, for the wind to suck, For the sun to rot, for a tree to drop, Here is a strange and bitter crop. Abel Meeropol, (1939) The poem Strange Fruit explores the idea of lynchings from an outsider’s perspective: